Washington was founded in 1791 for the purpose of serving as the capital of the United States of America. George Washington chose the place located midway to keep at close touch as possible between the states. Washington is quite new as it didn't exist for two hundred years. The population of the city is nearly million people. It is not a very large city, but it is very important as the capital of the USA. There is a law in Washington against building structures higher than the Capitol; therefore it presents a different appearance from New York with its skyscrapers.
Washington has many historical places. The largest and tallest is the Capitol, where the Congress meets. It is a very beautiful building with white marble columns. Not far from the Capitol is the Library of Congress. It holds five million books.
The White House, the residence of the president is the oldest public structure in the capital and one of the most beautiful. It was built in 1799. It is a two storied white building. It is said that in 1812 when England was at war with America the British entered the city and some of the buildings, including the Capitol and the house of the president were set on fire. Two years later in order to hide the marks of the fire, the brown stone walls of the president's home were painted white and it has been the White House ever since.
Not far from the Capitol is the Washington monument, which looks like a very big pencil. It rises 160 meters and it is empty inside. A special lift brings visitors to the top in 70 seconds from where they can enjoy a view of the city.
The Jefferson Memorial was built in memory of the third President of the USA Thomas Jefferson, who was also the author of the Declaration of Independence. The Memorial is surrounded by cherry trees.
The Lincoln Memorial is devoted to the memory of the sixteenth President of the USA, the author of the Emancipation Proclamation, which gave freedom to Negro slaves in America
PHASES OF INVESTIGATION
The objectives of the investigator provide a convenient division of the investigation into three phases: ( 1 ) the criminal is identified; (2) he is traced and located; and (3) the facts proving his guilt are gathered for court presentation. This division is made for convenience of discussion, since the three phases are not necessarily separated in time but are usually fused throughout the investigation. The same evidence, moreover can of¬ten be used for all three objectives.
Identifying the Criminal.
In the first stage the criminal is identified, i.e., some person is identi¬fied as the perpetrator of the criminal acts. Ordinarily the identity of the criminal is discovered in one or more of the following ways: confession, eyewitness testimony, or circumstantial evidence.
Tracing and Locating the Criminal.
The second phase of the investigation is concerned with locating the offender. Obviously many of the steps previously suggested for identify¬ing the suspect will also lead to his location. Usually the criminal is not hiding; he is simply unknown. In those cases, then, the problem is primar¬ily one of identification. In many cases, however, it is necessary to trace a fugitive who is hiding.
Proving the Guilt.
It is assumed that the criminal has been identified and is now in cus¬tody. The investigation, however, is far from complete; it has en-tered the third and often the most difficult phase, namely, gathering the facts neces¬sary in the trial to prove the guilt of the accused.
The final test of a criminal investigation is in the presentation of the evi¬dence in court. The fact of the existence of the crime must be established; the defendant must be identified and associated with crime scene; competent and credible witnesses must be available; the physical evidence must be appropri¬ately identified, its connection with the case shown; and the whole must be presented in an orderly and logical fashion.
Russian
ЭТАПЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
Задачи следователя обеспечивают удобное разделение расследования на три этапа: (1) преступник идентифицирован; (2) он прослежен и обнаружен; и (3) факты, доказывающие его вину, собираются для представления в суде. Это разделение сделано для удобства обсуждения, так как три фазы не обязательно разделены во времени, но обычно объединяются на протяжении всего расследования. Более того, одно и то же доказательство часто может использоваться для всех трех целей.
Выявление преступника.
На первом этапе преступник идентифицируется, то есть какое-то лицо идентифицируется как лицо, совершившее преступные действия. Обычно личность преступника раскрывается одним или несколькими из следующих признание, свидетельские показания или косвенные доказательства.
Отслеживание и обнаружение преступника.
Второй этап расследования связан с установлением местонахождения преступника. Очевидно, что многие из шагов, предложенных ранее для идентификации подозреваемого, также приведут к его местонахождению. Обычно преступник не прячется; он просто неизвестен. В этих случаях проблема, прежде всего, заключается в идентификации. Однако во многих случаях необходимо отследить беглеца, который скрывается.
Доказывать вину.
Предполагается, что преступник был опознан и в настоящее время находится под стражей. Однако расследование еще далеко от завершения; он вступил в третий и зачастую самый трудный этап, а именно, сбор фактов, необходимых в ходе судебного разбирательства для доказательства вины обвиняемого.
Окончательная проверка уголовного расследования заключается в представлении доказательств в суде. Факт существования преступления должен быть установлен; подсудимый должен быть опознан и связан с местом преступления; компетентные и заслуживающие доверия свидетели должны быть доступны; вещественные доказательства должны быть надлежащим образом идентифицированы, их связь с делом показана; и все должно быть представлено упорядоченным и логичным образом.
НЕЗАЧТО!