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Agent1597
Agent1597
10.03.2023 08:49 •  Английский язык

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from the history of railway construction in russia (i)

during its near two-centuries history the railway transport in russia has gone a long and difficult way of evolutional development, from the first cast iron tram way to the world’s largest transport system.
the beginning of railway construction in russia was connected with the development of the mining industry.
in 1764 the first wooden tram way was built by foreman k.d. frolov at the kolyvan - voskresensk works in the urals.
charles gascoigne, a manager of the alexander gun works in petrozavodsk, suggested using cast- iron rails instead of wooden ones in 1788. the length of the line was only 174 m.
the first lengthy 2 km long cast iron horse driven railway was built in the altai mountains by an engineer r.k. frolov in 1809. it was on that railway where elliptical rails were first used instead of angular ones.
the talented workmen e.a. cherepanov and m.e. cherepanov constructed the first russian steam locomotive at the nizhniy tagil works in the urals. in august 1834 they opened the movement on the line. the cherepanovs’ steam locomotive could haul a carriage (each has a capacity of 3.3 tons) with a speed of about 15 km/h. alternatively it could carry 40 passengers. later, in march 1835, the second locomotive was built. it could haul 17 tons of freight and the length of a new line was 3.5 km.
in 1834 the czech engineer f.a. gerstner, a professor of vienna polytechnic institute came to russia. it was him who suggested building a railway st.-petersburg – tsarskoye selo for common use. the construction of the line was begun on the 1st of may 1836. the average height of the embankment was 2.9 meters and 23 wooden bridges were built along the way. the rails and fittings were ordered from abroad. the length of the line was 27 km. the gauge was 6 feet (1829 mm). six locomotives were ordered from england and belgium. the inauguration of the railway took place on the 11th of november, 1837.
this railway was soon followed by the construction of the st-petersburg – moscow railway. it was the first class double track line. the gauge used was 1524 mm. the work was directed by professors of st-petersburg institute of the corps of engineers p.p.melnikov, d.i.zhuravski and n.o.kraft. 8 large bridges, 182 average and small bridges, 19 viaducts and 69 culverts were built along the way. the line was under construction for 8.5 years. it was opened on the 1st of november, 1851. this line played the leading role in further development of railway construction in russia.

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Ответ:

ИЗ ИСТОРИИ ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОГО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА В РОССИИ (II)

В 1880-х годах российские заводы уже отвечали всем требованиям к производству локомотивов и подвижного состава. Наибольшее увеличение железнодорожного строительства началось в девяностых годах 19 века. С 1890 по 1900 год было построено более 11 000 миль железных дорог.

Одним из важнейших проектов в развитии железнодорожной системы России стало строительство Большой Транссибирской магистрали. Эта линия играет важную роль, связывая европейские и азиатские транспортные системы. 15 марта 1891 года Александр III написал: «Я приказываю начать строительство единой железной дороги по всей Сибири, чтобы связать природные богатства сибирского региона с системой внутренних железных дорог».

Город Владивосток отпраздновал лежание самой первой железной дороги, и началось строительство Великого Сибирского Пути.

Было решено построить трассу в три этапа. Первый этап включал строительство Западно-Сибирской, Среднесибирской и Южно-Уссурийской линий; второй этап - Забайкальская и Северо-Уссурийская линии; Третий этап - Кругобайкальская и Амурская линии. Вся основная линия должна была быть проложена в течение 10 лет. Это означало много строительных работ и прокладку 8,144 км железной дороги.

Только российские специалисты работали на Транссибирской магистрали с использованием отечественных материалов. Было задействовано более 100 000 работников. Условия труда и быта были чрезвычайно тяжелыми. Копатели, плотники, металлисты, каменщики и их семьи направлялись из европейской части России в Сибирь. Русские люди строили железную дорогу из материалов местного производства. Трасса через непроходимую тайгу, пересекая широкие реки и огромные горы.

Работы были закончены в 1902 году, за исключением паромной переправы через Байкал. Трудный переход вокруг южной оконечности озера со множеством тоннелей был окончательно завершен в 1905 году. В наши дни Великая Транссибирская магистраль - самая длинная железная дорога в мире (9 288 км). Линия связывает Европу с Дальним Востоком, Японией, Китаем и Юго-Восточной Азией.

К 1913 году сеть внутренних железных дорог состояла из 25 государственных линий и 13 частных линий, принадлежащих различным компаниям. Российская железнодорожная сеть стала одной из крупнейших в мире.

Сегодня трудно представить нашу Родину без железных дорог. Географические, исторические и экономические условия сложились таким образом, что железная дорога становится символом России.

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Adil111111119
Adil111111119
10.03.2023
We do not think that this year we again find ourselves in astana - the young capital of kazakhstan. working visit to the capital coincided with the summer holidays children, so we decided to combine business and family vacation. especially next to astana (200 km) is a resort area burabay, which we decided to visit immediately after completion of the capital cases. in astana, we have for the third time, and it never ceases to amaze us. in a few years it has been transformed beyond recognition: grown and prettier. continuing to build new houses, complexes. on the first day, we visited the "duman" - one of the main entertainment centers of astana, which is famous all over kazakhstan - oceanarium. of course, the aquarium kazakhstan far from the american or korean, but go and look at the inhabitants of the deep sea is. in addition to the aquarium in the "thinking" there are many different attractions, cinemas.we went to the "jungle lost world" - a new attraction, which the children really enjoyed. tour of the artificial thickets and tunnels with the dinosaurs, pterodactyls, crocodiles, giant amphibians and king kong led the nice girl. the bad news is that because of the low light photos turned substandard premises. at the end of the tour we were invited to a puppet theater neon.the next day the children spent on the playground for children, equipped with exercise machines, houses, slides. entrance to the play area is free.then we walked around the city, went to visit friends. of course, there were also negative in addition to positive aspects.we still can not get used to the layout of the streets of the capital and their signs. pointers streets are so small and so rare, that in search of a street or a house had to do a few laps around the city. i ask the residents of the city (the bulk - it is the newcomers), they either shrug their shoulders or show entirely the wrong direction.after 10 pm, you can not change currency or buy anything. shops and supermarkets are closed at night, and some still-hour lunch breaks. they work all day or until the last customer is only the hotel, pool, cafe. so that astana to grow and grow. i think the disadvantages disappear with time, and the city is really worthy of the title of the capital
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SFDFGDDDDFGDGD
SFDFGDDDDFGDGD
10.03.2023
On monday i will go to school. after school i do homework and then i play with my friends. i will go to bed early so as not to oversleep. on tuesday morning i'm going to run over a long distance to podderjivat your figure. after school i don't have any plans and only have to clean my room and all. on wednesday i'm not going to school going to the doctor to get checked out. after the hospital i think i'm healthy and turn in all missed lessons. on friday i'm going to grandma's and grandpa's to relax and catch fish, maybe the weather will be ter and not cold. so i will spend the next week
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