Tula pryanik is a famous type of imprinted Russian pryanik from the city of Tula. Usually, Tula pryanik looks like a rectangular tile or a flat figure. Making stamped pryanik is considered an art form. The imprints could include different patterns, symbols, images of the Tula Kremlin, names, congratulations.[1]
The cooking of the Tula pryanik starts with preparation of the dough. The dough is made from rye flour, honey, eggs, water and spices. Next the dough is cut into pieces and rolled out. Each piece is placed on a special board with a carved pattern to give the dough its intended form. The first layer of the dough is covered with a second one with a filling in between. To make the two layers stay in place the edges are pressed together. Then the cake is turned over so that the stamped image is on top and the surface is glazed with sugar syrup. The syrup covers the picture to make it more visible after baking. Historically, each carved board is used to create just one design for pryanik. A new board is made specifically for each design. In the past, pryanik boards were made by craftsmen and nowadays new designs are created mostly by professional artists.[2]
Modern Tula pryaniki typically have a jam or condensed milk filling, while the traditional ingredient in the dough is honey which is sometimes replaced with sugar.
Pryaniki have been made in Tula since the 17th century. The first mention of Tula pryanik is in the Tula census book of 1685. Today, Tula pryaniki are made at the confectionery factories of Staraya Tula (Russian for "Old Tula") and Yasnaya Polyana and by several smaller companies.
1) My friend came back from business trip yesterday. Our teacher has asked me twice today.
2) The plane has just landed. He gave me his notes last week.
3) She has sent three letters to this firm already. They did the exercises quickly yesterday.
4) The workers have gone to the meeting already. He asked many questions last lesson.
5) I have spoken with my boss already. They went to the seaside by train last summer.
Объяснение:
Past Simple Tense:
1) Действие закончилось в
2) Есть указатель времени в вчера, на неделе летом, в 2001 году и т.п.
Present Perfect:
1) Когда произошло действие неважно, важен результат: самолет приземлился, письма отправили, работники уже ушли.
2) Отрезок времени не указан или еще не закончился: сегодня (сегодня еще не закончилось), на этой неделе (эта неделя еще продолжается), в этом году (этот год все еще продолжается) и т.п.