The Christmas holiday has deep roots. Even in pre-Christian times, people celebrated holidays timed to the day of the winter solstice, dressed trees and sacrificed To The Gods decorations. With the spread of Christianity, winter festivals acquired a religious coloring.
However, the greatest influence on the traditions of the celebration of Christmas was the era of the reign of Queen Victoria. Although Christmas is primarily a religious holiday, during the Victorian era it becomes first of all a day of family unity
The Christmas season in the Victorian era began at the end of November, the last Sunday in front of the courtyard, called stir-up Sunday, according to the first words of prayer in the book of universal worship. In addition, the expression stir up served as an appeal to the hosts who should be rushing to prepare a plam-pudding - the main decoration of the festive table, which was to mature for several weeks. Although it is enough for three weeks for the "ripening" of pudding, many believed that the plam-pudding, prepared exactly on the Funny Sunday, would be especially successful. This dish starts from a medieval porridge with plums cooked in a meat broth (plum-porridge). By the XIX century. Pam-pudding acquired its modern appearance and began to resemble a certain pie, the mandatory components of which were noodle fat, white bread crumbs, raisins or kishmish and spices. This dish was originally everyday, and Christmas began to be considered due to the colorful description in Charles Dickens's "Christmas Song": "Attention! The couple hung in the room! This pudding was taken out of the boiler. ...> AND here comes Mrs. Kretchit - painted, dusty, but with a proud smile on his face and with a pudding on the dish - so extraordinarily firm and strong that he looks most like a straight cannon core. Pudding is covered from all sides with a flame from the burning Roma and is decorated with a Christmas branch of a pointed leaf, pushed into its very top. "
Plam-pudding very soon began to be regarded as the peak of the mastery of the hostess of the house, which was supposed to transfer her skills to her daughters, and those to their grandchildren. In each family there was a special recipe for plam-pudding, but the classic in the Victorian era was a pudding containing 13 ingredients symbolizing Christ and the apostles.
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Put the words in the correct order to make a cleft sentence.
a to do / must / is / we / What / stay calm / all try
What we must all try to do is stay.
b started / the demonstrators / It / who / the trouble / wasn't
It wasn't the demonstrators who started the trouble.
c only / It / last week / that / was / she finally / got in touch
It was only last week that she finally got in touch.
d like / we / about Australia / What / the marvellous / is / weather
What we like about Australia is the marvellous weather.
e that / only / you can park / after 6.30 / It's / for free / here
It's only after 6.30 that you can park for free here.
f do / should / now / is / What / get / rest / you / plenty of
What you should do now is get plenty of rest.
g I realised / It / I got home / only / that / I'd picked up / was / the wrong coat / when
It was only when I got home that I realised I'd picked up the wrong coat.
h like / is / living / traffic / here / the awful / What / I don't / about
What I don't like about living here is the awful traffic.
i a barbecue / having / suggested / wasn't / It / who / me
It wasn't me who suggested having a barbecue.
j annoys / is / really / What / to us / you lied / the way / me
What really annoys me is the way you lied to us.