1. America was discovered by Columbus in 1492. 2. The atomic number of a chemical element is determined by the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of the element. 3. The properties of the new substance were thoroughly analysed in our laboratory. 4. This medieval castle built in the late 1400s was furnished with the best and most expensive furniture of the period. 5. After the player retired, he was offered a few jobs in the club because both the club owners and the fans wanted him to stay. 6. Some interesting data was obtained from car crash experiments. 7. These scarcely visible fingerprints were pointed out by the forensic expert after a thorough examination. 8. If you are refused assistance when you apply for welfare in Canada, you receive an official letter called a ‘Notice of Decision.’
«From the History of Football» (text in English with Passive Voice )Words to understand: allow — разрешать for a purpose — с целью whether — ли both hands and feet — как руки, так и ноги disappointed — разочарованный lose patience — потерять терпение struggle — борьба hold — держать introduce — вводить в практику prevent from — мешать Ball games were well known hundreds of years ago. They didn’t take place in the stadiums or on football fields (pitches). They were played in squares and streets of the cities and villages, and they are dangerous to windows and doors of the houses. People in those days were so excited about these games that they used to leave their work to take part in a game. That’s why at the beginning of the 17th century special laws were made against playing ball games. Nobody was allowed to play, and for two hundred and fifty years there were no games in Europe. People began to play again in the second half of the 19th century. In 1863, a meeting was called in a tavern in Great Queen Street, London, for the purpose of deciding the rules of the games. The main question was whether the players must use both their hands and feet, or only their feet. There was much excitement at the meeting. Shouts of “Only feet” came from one end of the hall. “Hands and feet” came from the other end . At last the disappointed “hands and feet” group saw that they could not win, they lost patience and left the hall, giving up struggle. The meeting then became quieter and thirteen rules of football were agreed on. In 1863, they were published and became the international rules of the game all over the world. The rules fixed the number of men in a team: the team has a goal-keeper, one full-back, one half-back and eight forwards. Only the goalkeeper could hold the ball in his hands. Within the time the rules were changing, for example, the sound of referee’s whistle was heard for the first time in 1878. Before that time, the referees shouted to the players, or made signals with their arms. The goal, as we see it today, was introduced in 1891. The same year was the introduction of the eleven-meter penalty kick. At first, the goalkeeper was allowed to move six meters to defend his goal. He could cross from one corner of the goal to the other to prevent the player from making the penalty kick. But the rule was introduced fixing the position of the goalkeeper, and forcing him to stand without moving before the penalty kick was made. In 1925, the rules were changed for the last time. Questions to the text: Why were ball games not always allowed by law? When were the football rules published? Did they change within the time? How many players are there in a team? What are they? Do you know the name of a game which is similar to football but players can hold the ball in their hands?
When did you last do it ? I did it in the morning