1. gross national product is the value of all goods and services produced in the economy in a given period such as a year.
ввп это стоимость всех товаров и услуг произведенных в определенный период, напрмер за год.
2. the value added is the difference between the value of a firm’s output and the cost of the inputs bought to produce that output.
добавочная стоимость является разницей межд стоимостью продукции компании и стоимость сырья, купленого для произвосдтва этой продукции.
the value added is the value that a firm adds to its buying in materials and services through its, own production and marketing efforts. добавочная стоимость это стоимость, которую компания добавляет к закупленным материалам и услугам посредством своих производственных и маркетинговых действий.
the sum of all the value added in various sections of the economy such as manufacturing, agriculture, etc. is known as the gdp. сумма всех добавочных стоимостей в различных секторах , таких как промышленность, сельское хозяйство и т. д. известна как ввп.
3. businesses produse goods and services using factor inputs to supple to them by households. бизнес производит (ммнож. число) товары и услуги используя фактор сырья для поставки их хозяйствам.
4. the gross national product is determined for a particular geographic area, usually a country, but possibly a region or a city, or a group of countries such as the european economic community (eec). валовый национальный продукт определяется, учитывая определенную территоию, обвчно старну, но возможно также и регион или город, или гг=руппа стран как напрмер ес.
it is measured for a time period, usually a year or a quarter.вычисляется за опреденный промежуток времени, обвчно за год или квартал.
5. an asset is property owned by an individual or a business which has money value. основное средство это имуществою которым владеет тили юридическое лицо, и которое имеет денежную стоимость.
6. while individual labour supply is measured in hours, aggregate supply is measured in man-hours, the total amount of hours is supplied by all workers.
My favourite sport is chess. Even though all my friends tell me that it's not a sport, I disagree. It requires as much hard work, as much training as all of the other sports. I loved chess since I was a kid. My grandfather is a chessmaster, and he introduced me to this wonderful game when I was 3 years old. He made me play with him, and even though I cried and didn't want to do it at first, I eventually warmed up to it. Sometimes he didn't feed me until I won at least one match against him, and, well, because I was 3 and not much of a chessplayer, I would go hungry for days. Then he was sent to jail, but I still keep his favourite chessboard. God, I love chess.
Big cities suffer from smog from large factories. Cars with their engines have become the main source of pollution in industrial countries. The forests Africa, South America and Asia are cut down for the needs of industries in Europe and the USA. As a result some species of animals, birds, fish and plants have disappeared and keep disappearing. Rivers and lakes dry up. One of the most known examples is the Aral Sea, which has become much smaller due to men’s activity.
The pollution of the air and of the world’s oceans and the thinning of the ozone layer nowadays are the main problems arising from man’s careless attitude to ecology.
In Russia and the former Soviet republics there are some areas where the environment is in a poor state. The Aral Sea, Lake Baikal, the Kuzbass, Semipalatinsk and Chernobyl are such problematic regions.
For decades nuclear weapons were tested near Semipalatinsk, and the ground is contaminated with radiation there.
More than 20 years ago a pulp-and-paper factory was built on the shore of Lake Baikal. As a result of the pollution, more than 50 % of the world’s purest water has been ruined. The whole ecological system of the lake has change greatly.