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stas7454
stas7454
14.10.2020 10:24 •  Английский язык

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columns in walls
a common problem in the design of building foundations is a foundation wall that must share its location with a row of columns. this takes place along the exterior walls of buildings with frame structures.
when loads are transferred to the ground there are various possibilities for the relationships between the columns, the wall, and the foundation elements. the column loads may be light, as in the case of a one-storey building with light construction and short spans or the column loads may be large, as in the case of a multi-storey building.
type of foundation. if the foundation consists of deep elements, either piers or groups of piles, the wall is usually designed as a spanning element of one type or another. when the foundation is of the shallow bearing type, there may be several possibilities for the column/wall/footing relationships.
example (see fig. 2)
allowable soil pressure: 3000 psf (150 kpa).
concrete design strength: 3000 psi (21 mpa).
allowable tension on reinforcing: 20,000 psi (140 mpa).
figure 2
considering the wall by itself and ignoring the columns, the minimum wall footing according to our estimates is 11in. thick, 42in. wide. thus, if we want to ignore the spanning potential of the wall, this would be the required footing for the wall between the column footings. for the column, if it were freestanding and not in the line of the wall, the required square footing would be 6ft2, 16in. thick. however, in this case even if it is decided to use a square footing, it would need to be larger, since it also supports part of the wall. and the larger it is, the more of the wall it supports. if we increase its size to 8ft2, the total load on the footing will be the column load of 100 k plus 8ft of the wall load at 10 k/ft, or a total load of 180 k.

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Ответ:
kcatuscha2016
kcatuscha2016
14.10.2020

КОЛОННЫ В СТЕНАХ Общей проблемой при проектировании фундаментов зданий является стена фундамента, которая должна иметь одинаковое расположение с рядом колонн. Это происходит вдоль наружных стен зданий с каркасными конструкциями. Когда нагрузки переносятся на землю, существуют различные возможности для связи между колоннами и элементами фундамента. Нагрузки на колонны могут быть небольшими, как в случае одноэтажного здания с легкой конструкцией, нагрузки на короткие пролеты могут быть большими, как в случае многоэтажного здания. Тип основания. Если фундамент состоит из глубоких элементов, либо опор, либо групп свай, стена, как правило, состоит из одного или другого элемента. Когда основание имеет неглубокий тип опоры, может быть несколько возможностей для связи колонна / стена / основание. ПРИМЕР (см. Рис. 2) Допустимое давление: 3000 фунтов на кв. Дюйм (150 кПа). Расчетная прочность бетона: 3000 фунтов на кв. Дюйм (21 МПа). Допустимое натяжение при армировании: 20000 фунтов на кв. Дюйм (140 МПа). РИСУНОК 2 Учитывая саму стену и игнорируя колонны, минимальная опора стены по нашим оценкам составляет 11 дюймов. толстый, 42 дюйма широкий. Таким образом, если мы хотим игнорировать охватывающий потенциал - стена, это будет необходимой опорой для стены между опорами колонн. Для колонны, если бы она была отдельно стоящей, а не на линии стены, необходим квадратный фут 6 футов 2, 16 дюймов. толстый. Однако в этом случае, даже если будет решено использовать квадратное основание, оно должно быть больше, так как оно также поддерживает часть стены. И чем оно больше, тем больше стены оно поддерживает. Если мы увеличим его размер до 8 футов2, общая нагрузка на фундамент будет равна нагрузке на колонну 100 кг плюс 8 футов от нагрузки на стену при 10 к / фут или общей нагрузке 180 к.

4,8(32 оценок)
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Ответ:
полина2125
полина2125
14.10.2020
Modern cities are full of various shops. There are clothes shops, antique shops, bookstores, beauty shops, pharmacies, gift shops, supermarkets, newspaper stands, stationery shops, etc. When I want to buy food and beverages, I go to the nearest supermarket. There is also one hypermarket not far from us, but to get there I need to take a mini-bus. To buy the rest of necessary products and household items, I go to the local mall. It’s a place where I can find all the shops I need. I can buy a new pair of shoes, a present for a friend, a new lipstick, medical supplies, a book or simply some pens and pencils there. When I want to buy some clothes and shoes I ask shop assistants for help. These qualified people are always there to give a wise advice. It has become easy to shop nowadays. I can even order all the necessary things online. It’s called online-shopping. But when it comes to clothes and shoes, I prefer to try them on at first, so online shopping is not for me. Things that I can order online include medical supplies, pizza and train tickets. Another reason, why I’d prefer to shop personally is the mere atmosphere of shopping. I like visiting the bakery round the corner and buying freshly-baked bread. I like going to the mall with my friends, because after some shopping we go to the cinema or to the cafeteria. Choosing a book or a present is almost a sacramental rite for me. I spend hours choosing such things, not because I’m indecisive, but simply because I like the atmosphere of bookstores and gift shops. I think that shops are useful and necessary in every city or town. And, for many people shopping is not just a need but a great pleasure.

надеюсь
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Ответ:
Cerega67
Cerega67
14.10.2020
Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy was constructed as the bell tower for the city's cathedral. However, at that time the architects weren't experienced. So, it was built on soft ground and as soon as it had been built, it slowly began to lean. 
Over the years, many attempts were made to stop the tower from leaning. Once, people removed stones from the bottom in order to put strong metal rods in, but the stones that were being removed were part of the foundations so the tower leaned even more! Since then it has been reinforced to correct this. Today, the tower can still be seen leaning to one side. It is covered in marble and it is very beautiful. Unfortunately, however, it was closed to the public in 1990 after it was revealed that a single busload of tourists at the top could make it fall over completely! All the same, it will be visited by tourists for many years to come.
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