При переводе прямой речи в косвенную, временные формы глаголов сдвигаются на шаг в кроме следующих случаев:
1. Слова автора в настоящем или будущем времени: He will say that he has been there before.
2. Действие в Past Perfect (Continuous) или Future-in-the-Past: He said that he felt happy after he had done it.
3. Обстоятельства времени не изменились: He said that he bought it yesterday.
4. Выражение всегда верно: The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
5. Выражение верно длительный период времени: He said that he loves you.
6. Сообщение повторяется сразу: He said that the food is delicious.
7. Условные предложения 2 типа: He said that if he were you, he wouldn’t do it.
8. Желаемые события: She said she wished she were younger.
9. Глаголы should, ought to: She was said that he ought to quit smoking.
10. Must, если это совет, предположение или приказ: He guessed that they must be at home.
Временные формы могут не изменяться в случае:
1. Когда непосредственно указано время действия: They said that they began/had begun studying English in 2010.
2. Когда косвенно указано время действия: She said that she met/had met him when they were neighbours.
3. Когда излагающий согласен с мнением цитируемого: He said that India is a rich country.
(при несогласии: He said that India was a rich country).
При сдвиге временной формы глагола в в косвенной речи, по ситуации, изменяются обстоятельства места и времени, местоимения, а также, происходит отстранение от эмоций:
this – that, these – those, here – there, now - then (at that moment, at once, immediately), come – go, today – (on) that day, yesterday – the day before(earlier), tomorrow - (on) the next (following) day, last week – the week before, ago - before(earlier), next week – the next (following) week, now that – since, so – very, yes/no – answered in the positive/negative, he - that man, we - they.
Если из прямой речи лицо не известно, используется местоимение they, а в словах автора wanted to know:
He said: “Come here”. – He told them to come up to him.
He said: “Where are you going?” – He wanted to know/wondered where they we going.
Кроме слова said используются глаголы, выражающие характер прямой речи:
Для передачи общих вопросов используется if или whether.
Вопросительные предложения передаются с прямым порядком слов: He asked me if/whether they were at home.
В вопросительном предложении с глаголом-связкой порядок слов может быть обратным: He asked me what was the price.
Traveling by plane is very comfortable and convenient method, but it is difficult to buy tickets. When you travel by plane you don’t spend a lot of time going from one place to another, but it is very dangerous kind of movement. I can say that flying is a thrilling thing.
Some people prefer travelling by boat. It is so wonderful: to feel the fresh sea wind, to hear the cry of the sea-gulls, to see the rise and fall of the waves. Hitch-hiking is one of the most popular kind of movement. It interesting too, because you can see many things in a short time. There is no need to buy tickets.
And also people like to travel on foot. During hikes we can see a lot of interesting places, sometimes we can meet interesting people. There is no need to hurry up. Traveller on foot: lives constantly in present. Tastes differ. That’s why it is up to you to decide which means of travelling you prefer. All means of travelling have their advantages and disadvantages. And everyone choose one according to their possibilities, plans and finance.
And now I would like to tell you about my going to Sochi. This summer we’ve decided to go to the beach. My mother, my father and a small brother and I were so happy because it was a great rest at the seaside. We travelled by train. I can say that with a train you have speed, comfort and pleasure combined. I like this kind oftravelling. If you want to eat you can have a meal in the dining-car; if you want to sleep you can have a wonderful bed in a sleeper. In Sochi we lived in an excellent hotel. Every day we went to the beach, lie in the sun, swim. In the evenings when the sun was setting I was fond of looking at the waves and the sea-gulls flying over the sea. Sunbathing, jogging, boating, fishing and surfing are the most popular activities. Beach cities are the centres for easygoing life of styles.