The history of animal testing goes back to the writings of the Greeks in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, with Aristotle (384-322 BCE) and Erasistratus (304-258 BCE) among the first to perform experiments on living animals. Galen, a physician in 2nd-century Rome, dissected pigs and goats, and is known as the "father of vivisection." Avenzoar, an Arabic physician in 12th-century Moorish Spain who also practiced dissection, introduced animal testing as an experimental method of testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients.
Coat of arms of Leningrad region is a silver anchor and a gold key on a blue- blue background heraldic shield in the upper part of the shield - silver gear stena.Serebryany anchor points to the fact that in the region there are two sea ports - St. Petersburg , the European gateway country and Vyborg. The key is in the emblem symbolizes the strategic position of the region in northwest Russia . The current territory of the Leningrad region in the 9th century was a part of the Novgorod zemli.Krepost the emblem symbolizes so that the area is a stronghold Otechestva.Tsvetovaya gamma stamp board shows belonging to the region of the Russian Federation , the color of the coat of arms (red, blue and white) are the colors of the Russian flag.
