Fear is an emotional state in the presence, or anticipation of a dangerous stimulus. Often it becomes intense like anger. Fear means being afraid of or panic. Fear for loud sound, strangers, unknown objects, new places, dark shadows and darkness, seclusion, imaginary objects and withdrawal of love etc. are common with children. Children are afraid of various animals including frogs, rats, insects, snakes, cockroaches, etc.
Tiger and elephant bring out emotion of awe and surprise. Children are afraid of demons, thieves, villains in operas and movies. J.B. Watson in the course of studying the emotional behavior of a boy named Albert found that he was conditioned to fear a previously neutral object- a white rat. When this eleven-month-old Albert was shown a white rat he reached for it, showing no fear response. But every time he touched the rat he was hearing a loud sound, which made him frightened of the rat. He soon developed fear for the rat. Thus rat became a “conditioned stimulus” to fear. Albert also was conditioned by Watson to fear white furry objects; furry coats etc. (Watson and Rayner, 1920).
Some fears are acquired through conditioning process. The child comes to fear both lightning and thunder as one follows the other. But thunder is the primary reason for fear. Fear also is learned through contact with punitive objects (for example, electric shock while exploring an open switch board).
Some are learned through imitation of parental and sibling fears. Watson also added that the loss of body support evokes fear. In families parental physical punishments, verbal reprimand, forced toilet training; doctors with injection syringe are the causes of emotion.
In adult life the loss of security on account of unemployment, retirement, demise of companions, natural calamities like super cyclone or plague, poi unrest and old age etc. causes fear response.
Due to fear, the behaviors affected are: pounding of heart, and rapid pulse rate, tense muscles, dryness of the throat, churning in the stomach, frequent nature-call for urinal trembling, confusion, fainting, inability to concentrate, wetting and soling one’s dress and crying aloud etc. Responses to the fear emotion are usually expressed through anxiety, flight and feeling miserable.
Fear to the objects or events, when becomes irrational, is called “phobia” Phobic reactions of fear are persistent and intense, and not based on so judgment. For example, fears of public speaking, fear of public toilet, fear of eating in public are the examples of social phobia.
It is known from experimental studies that phobias can develop through classical conditioning. These irrational fears can be eliminated and cured through classical conditioning methods. Fear emotions can be rectified by the following techniques: (i) counter-conditioning process, (ii) desensitization process, and (iii) exposure to fearless models.
D— loved, showed, finished, played
T— worked, asked, helped, liked, dressed
Id— Studied, ended, waited, started, wanted
Ex.2.
a) to be— been
to begin— begun
to buy— bought,
to eat— eaten
to do— done,
to give— given
to get— got
to hear— heard
to leave— left
to know— known,
to meet— met
b) бежать— run
, поднимать— risen
говорить— spoken
посылать— sent
показывать— shown
говорить— told
плавать— swum
брать— taken
Ex.3.
i. I finished my work at 6 o'clock yesterday.
2. We discussed this film last week.
3. You returned home late last night.
4. He worked in Kiev in 1976.
5. He left his house and went to the station two days ago.
6. My sister wrote) the letter to her friend last month.
7. I understood this rule will.
8. She lived in a hostel five years ago.