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Налоги
Бюджетная и кредитно- денежная политика являются наиболее эффективными методами государственного регулирования экономики.
Налоги - это обязательные платежи физических и юридических лиц в центральные и местные бюджеты. Налоги выполняют две функции фискальную и регулирующую. Первоначально во всех государствах на разных этапах развития налоги выполняли только фискальную функцию, тс. налоговые поступления (уходили) на финансирование государственных расходов.
В течении двух последних десятилетий налоги выполняют регулирующую функцию посредством налоговой политики государства. Манипулируя налогами, государство пытается достичь определенных целей — увсличить объём производства, занятость или снизить уровень инфляции.
Налоги можно классифицировать на прямые и непрямые, государственные и местные. Основные виды прямых налогов, которые платят налогоплательщики: личный подоходный налог, налог на прибыль предприятий, имущественные налоги, социальные. сборы и т. д.
Непрямые пологи - это налоги на товары и услуги. Они включают акцизы и пошлины. Акцизы устанавливаются на спиртное. бензин. табачные изделия. Самой рас формой акциза является НДС. Впервые этот налог был введен во Франции в 1954. Ставки НДС в разных странах колеблются от 5 до 38% стоимости товара. В Украине НДС взимается по ставке 20%.
Непрямые налоги имеют свои преимущества и недостатки. С одной стороны, они являются надежным мобилизации денежных средств в государственный бюджет, а с другой стороны, повышают цены товаров, которые тяжелым бременем ложатся на малообеспеченные слои населения.

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Ответ:

ulianakosovska0

01.07.2022

Fiscal and monetary policy are the most effective methods of state regulation of the economy.

Taxes are mandatory payments by individuals and legal entities to central and local budgets. Taxes perform two fiscal and regulatory functions. Initially, in all states at different stages of development, taxes performed only a fiscal function, tf. tax revenues (went away) to finance government spending.

Over the past two decades, taxes have performed a regulatory function through the tax policy of the state. By manipulating taxes, the state is trying to achieve certain goals - to increase output, employment, or reduce inflation.

Taxes can be classified into direct and indirect, state and local. The main types of direct taxes that taxpayers pay are: personal income tax, corporate income tax, property taxes, social taxes. fees, etc.

Indirect canopies are taxes on goods and services. These include excise taxes and duties. Excise taxes are imposed on alcohol. petrol. tobacco products. The most common form of excise duty is VAT. This tax was first introduced in France in 1954. VAT rates in different countries range from 5 to 38% of the value of the goods. In Ukraine, VAT is levied at a rate of 20%.

Indirect taxes have advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, they are a reliable way to mobilize funds in the state budget, and on the other hand, they increase the prices of goods that place a heavy burden on the poor.

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patokina021

01.07.2022

If I ruled the world, I would make all people around the world to pay attention on ecology problem and creating new technologies. I suggest they are closely associated with each other. People, who are very curious and greedy by the nature, always try to interfere in mechanism of life and process functioning on the Earth, to get or to make up new type of endless energy, to get superior or to become immortal. There is no doubt, it will have a positive result for humanity, bur for the nature it will be in a different way. To begin with technologies those have harmed both nature and humility at the moment.In the 20th century people found new type of energy and its application. Nuclear weapon, nuclear power plant became the first step to launch a mechanism of planet destroying. Countries, who had got nuclear arms, began to experiment it in the outer space, destroying our planet protect shield and making ozone holes unconsciously. To sum up global warming appeared. Nuclear disaster in Japan and Chernobyl, giving the same status as world problems, is not an exception. In the issue them a great number of people were killed and large surface of the Earth were infected. That`s not the half of it.Oil is resource of the Earth, which we used for destroying our planet too. Cars which are working on gasoline, every day secrete million tons of hydrocarbons into the atmosphere, which create greenhouse effect. This is the second reason of global warming.Large Hadron Collider has very large and terrible name, as I think.This thing is really dangerous. Scientists say that if it is accident till elementary particle will be running, it will create black hole, which will bring to destruction of the Earth and the Universe. But if it isn’t happened, humility will get new type of energy or something else.By the other hand, there are good deal countries, which try to renew natural resources, to use them carefully or in other way. They develop such technologies, which don’t nave dab influence on the nature: wind-powered stations or which work on the solar energy, and of course cleaning buildings. I suggest that all people from pupil till aged people have ever bedded tree into the soil. This is donation to renewing too, but smaller. My Biology teacher said me that we should thing global, but should act local, because everything starts with the little.In conclusion I want to say than it is necessary that we should not live only by our life, but also Mother Nature life, that gave us life and opportunity to live. Nobody don’t tell what will be in the future but it is high time we took care of our planet, until it will be late. And last one, everything must be within reasonable limits.

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