Fill in the spaces with What, Who, Where, Why or When. 1- is she? She is a girl. 2- is it? It’s a famous museum. 3- is Christmas? It’s on 25th December. 4- is she? She is at school. 5- are you so happy?
Maybe you are interested in why I decided to choose this character. Well, there are some reasons. Firstly, I think everyone has heard of Harry Potter, so one can easily agree or disagree with my opinion. Secondly, he has good features of character as well as weaknesses and shortcomings, thus he is not a typical “prince charming” but a real-life character. Thirdly, I admire his personality with its all merits and drawbacks and, for some reason, I want to be like him. As for me, the most important quality in Harry is his ability to overcome problems and difficulties. He never gives up and always does what he thinks is better. He is devoted to his friends and loved ones. Yes, sometimes he gets in trouble because of that but finally he overcomes everything and becomes stronger and wiser. Another quality I like is his ability to solve unusual problems and find ways out of different situations thanks to his flexible mind. I’m sure it’s the most important quality in the modern world – the flexibility of mind. Of course we shouldn’t forget that Harry has a kind and loving heart, and it also helps him to fight evil and defeat it» - «Должно быть, Вам интересно, почему я решил выбрать именно этого персонажа. На это есть несколько причин. Во-первых, я думаю, что Гарри Поттер известен всем, и слушатели могут согласиться или не согласиться с моим мнением. Во-вторых, у него есть как сильные, так и слабые стороны, то есть, он не абстрактный идеальный герой, а похож на обычного живого человека. В-третьих, мне нравится его характер со всеми его сильными и слабыми сторонами, и я в какой-то степени хотел бы быть похожим на него. По-моему, самая лучшая черта в Гарри – это его умение преодолевать трудности. Он никогда не сдается и делает то, что считает правильным. Он верный и преданный друг, хотя и попадает из-за этого в неприятности. В конце концов, он преодолевает все препятствия, становясь сильнее и мудрее. Еще одно качество. Которое мне в нем нравится, это находить решения самых сложных проблем благодаря подвижному и живому уму. Мне кажется, что гибкость ума – одно из важнейших качеств в современном мире. Не нужно забывать и о том, что у Гарри – доброе и любящее сердце, которое юному волшебнику бороться со злом и побеждать его».
Referring to the influence of state tax policy on the income distribution, it is necessary to consider in more detail the role of the state in society in every societies, governments provide services such as national defense, police, education, fire service, and in the administration of justice. In addition, the government budget is carried out through transfer payments to some members of society.Transfer payments are payments made to individuals that do not require providing any services in return. Examples are social security, pension payments, unemployment benefits, and in some countries, food stamps. State costs associated with the provision of goods and services (defense, police) or transfer payments, financed mainly by imposing taxes, although some (small) residual components can be financed by government borrowing. In each case we consider four indicators of public expenditure as a percentage of national income: spending on the direct provision of goods and services, transfer payments, interest on public debt and General expenses.Italy is a country of "big government". It costs the state large, and it needs to increase accordingly greater tax revenues. On the contrary, Japan has a much smaller government sector and needs to raise correspondingly less tax revenue. These differences in the scale of public activities compared to national income reflect differences in how different countries allocate their resources among competing uses.Governments spend part of their income on specific goods and services such as tanks, schools and public safety. They directly affect what is produced. The low share of Japan in public expenditure on goods and services. Governments affect for whom the products are produced through their tax and transfer payments. Through taxation of the rich and of the implementation of transfers to the poor, the government ensures that the poor are allocated more of what is produced than otherwise; and the rich get correspondingly less.The government also affects how goods are produced, for example , through the rules it imposes. Managers of factories and mines must comply with the safe requirements, even if it is expensive to implement, firms are forbidden freely to pollute the atmosphere and rivers, offices and factories are banned in attractive residential parts of the city.The scale of government activities in the modern economy is highly controversial. The UK government receives around 40 percent of national income in taxes. Some governments take a larger share, others a smaller share. Different shares will certainly affect the questions what, how and for whom, but some believe that a large government sector makes the economy inefficient, reducing the number of goods that can be produced and eventually allocated to consumers.Usually it is argued that high tax rates reduce the incentive to work. If half of everything we earn goes to the government, we might prefer to work less hours per week and spend more time in the garden or watch TV. This is one of the possibilities, but there is another one: if workers have in mind targeted earnings after tax, for example, to have at least a sufficient number of foreign holiday every year, they will have to work longer hours to achieve this target when taxes are higher.While in equilibrium, high taxes make people work more or less remains an open question. The social security payments and unemployment benefits are more likely to reduce incentives to work since they actually contribute to target income. If large-scale government activity leads to significant negative effects, government activity will affect not only what and how, and for whom goods are manufactured, and also how much is produced in the economy.Find in the text the terms to these definitions and translate them: * money paid to people without asking for a service in return * money paid to people when they stop working * money paid to people who have no work * money owed by the government of a country * money received by governments from taxation * money a worker keeps after paying taxes
