Zhores Alferov, in full Zhores Ivanovich Alfyorov (born March 15, 1930, Vitebsk, Belorussia, U.S.S.R. [now in Belarus]), Soviet physicist who, with Herbert Kroemer and Jack S. Kilby, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2000 for their work that laid the foundation for the modern era of computers and information technology.
Alferov received a doctorate in physics and mathematics from the A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute (1970); he became director of the institute in 1987. In the 1950s he began work to develop fast optoelectronic and microelectronic components made from semiconductor heterostructures. (While most computer chips and other semiconductor components were made from one kind of material, such as silicon, heterostructure semiconductors were made from layers of different materials.) Using Kroemer’s theory, which suggested that a heterostructure transistor was superior to a conventional transistor, Alferov and his research team developed the first practical heterostructure electronic device in 1966. They then pioneered electronic components made from heterostructures, including the first heterostructure laser, which both Alferov and Kroemer had proposed independently in 1963. Heterostructure solid-state lasers made possible fibre-optic communications, and heterostructure devices were later used in communications satellites, bar-code readers, cellular telephone communications, and other products
1. The pupil answered that Paris was the capital of friends. 2. Dad said not to show the dog that I was afraid. 3.Nick asked what I was doing the next day and invited to go for a walk. I answered that I could go then and would be ready in few minutes. 4.Mum asked who would stay with the baby while I worked. 5. The girl admitted that she hadn't had such a good time since she had fallen ill. (проверьте написание слова feel - должно быть fell . Если все же написано feel, тогда в предложении вместо -had fallen будет fell. 6.My brother asked why I had had to get up so early that day.
Ithink that there is nothing worse and terrible than war. in the soviet union the number of victims exceeded 27 million people. the conflict started in 1940.the war was going on from 1940 to 1945. germany attacked the ussr, june 22, 1941. this war ended in 1940, in which russia defeated germany. people who were taken prisoner in the war, were severely tortured, and eventually died. i think that the conflict can not be prevented, as the nazis made a huge number of murders and did not intend to stop. i believe that all people on our planet must act against wars. we should live as one big family in peace and love.
Zhores Alferov, in full Zhores Ivanovich Alfyorov (born March 15, 1930, Vitebsk, Belorussia, U.S.S.R. [now in Belarus]), Soviet physicist who, with Herbert Kroemer and Jack S. Kilby, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2000 for their work that laid the foundation for the modern era of computers and information technology.
Alferov received a doctorate in physics and mathematics from the A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute (1970); he became director of the institute in 1987. In the 1950s he began work to develop fast optoelectronic and microelectronic components made from semiconductor heterostructures. (While most computer chips and other semiconductor components were made from one kind of material, such as silicon, heterostructure semiconductors were made from layers of different materials.) Using Kroemer’s theory, which suggested that a heterostructure transistor was superior to a conventional transistor, Alferov and his research team developed the first practical heterostructure electronic device in 1966. They then pioneered electronic components made from heterostructures, including the first heterostructure laser, which both Alferov and Kroemer had proposed independently in 1963. Heterostructure solid-state lasers made possible fibre-optic communications, and heterostructure devices were later used in communications satellites, bar-code readers, cellular telephone communications, and other products