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Ramazanguly
Ramazanguly
18.12.2020 18:16 •  Английский язык

Complete the sentences about criminology as a science and retell them. 1. Criminology is … .
2. It originated in … .
3. Criminology has two main objectives: to determine … and to evolve … .
4. Criminologists commonly use … . For example: … .
5. Criminology has many different applications. It can help … understand criminals better

(1)
Criminology is a social science dealing with the nature, extent, and causes of crime; the characteristics of criminals and their organizations; the problems of apprehending and convicting offenders; the operation of prisons and other correctional institutions; the rehabilitation of convicts both in and out of prison; and the prevention of crime.
(2)
The science of criminology has two basic objectives: to determine the causes, whether personal or social, of criminal behavior and to evolve valid principles for the social control of crime. In pursuing these objectives, criminology draws on the findings of biology, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, and related fields.
(3)
Criminology originated in the late 18th century when various movements began to question the humanity and efficiency of using punishment for retribution rather than deterrence and reform. There arose as a consequence what is called the classical school of criminology, which aimed to mitigate legal penalties and humanize penal institutions. During the 19th century the positivist school attempted to extend scientific neutrality to the understanding of crime. Because they held that criminals were shaped by their environment, positivists emphasized case studies and rehabilitative measures. A later school, the "social defense" movement, stressed the importance of balance between the rights of criminals and the rights of society.
(4)
Criminologists commonly use several research techniques. The collection and interpretation of statistics is generally the initial step in research. The case study, often used by psychologists, concentrates on an individual or a group. The typological method involves classifying offenses, criminals, or criminal areas according to various criteria. Sociological research, which may involve many different techniques, is used in criminology to study groups, subcultures, and gangs as well as rates and kinds of crime within geographic areas.
(5)
Criminology has many practical applications. Its findings can give lawyers, judges, and prison officials a better understanding of criminals, which may lead to more effective treatment. Criminological research can be used by legislators and in the reform of laws and of penal institutions.
1. Криминология -- общественная наука,связанная с сущностью,степенью и причинами преступления,особенностями преступников и их объединений,проблемами ареста и обличения правонарушителей,деятельностью тюрем и других коррекционных учреждений,реабилитацией осуждённых как в тюрьме,так и за её пределами,а также предотвращением преступности.

2. Наука криминология имеет две исходных цели: определить причины (личные или социальные) преступного поведения и усовершенствовать существующие принципы общественного контроля преступлений. Преследуя эти цели,криминология опирается на достижения в биологии,психологии,психиатрии,социологии,антропологии и смежных областей.

3. Криминология зародилась в конце 18-ого века,когда различные социальные движения начали подвергать сомнению гуманность и эффективность использования наказаний вместо устрашения или вовсе реформ. Как следствие возникла так называемая классическая школа криминологии,которая стремилась смягчить санкции и "очеловечить" учреждения строгого режима. В течение 19-ого века позитивисткая школа делала попытки расширить научный нейтралитет в отношении понимания преступлений. Поскольку они считали,что преступники стали такими под воздействием среды,они особо акцентировали отдельные исследования и реабилитационные меры. Поздняя школа,движение "социальной защиты",подчёркивала важность баланса между правами преступника и общества.

4. Обычно криминологи используют сразу несколько методов исследования. Сбор и анализ статистики -- это только лишь начальная ступень исследования. Тематическое исследование,зачастую используемое психологами,концентрируется на отдельном человеке или на целой группе. Типологический анализ включается в себя классификацию преступлений,преступников или мест преступлений согласно определённым критериям. Социологическое исследование,которое может включать в себя множество различных техник,в криминологии используется для изучения групп,субкультур и банд,а также уровней и разновидностей преступлений в пределах одной области.

5. Криминология имеет большое практическое применение. Результаты её исследований могут дать адвокатам,судьям,тюремным работникам лучшее понимание правонарушителей,а значит и лучшее отношение. Криминологическое исследование может использоваться законодателями и в реформе законов и учреждений строгого режима.

👇
Ответ:
Lerosha14
Lerosha14
18.12.2020

1. Criminology is a social science dealing with the nature, extent, and causes of crime; the characteristics of criminals and their organizations; the problems of apprehending and convicting offenders; the operation of prisons and other correctional institutions; the rehabilitation of convicts both in and out of prison; and the prevention of crime.

2. It originated in the late 18th century when various movements began to question the humanity and efficiency of using punishment for retribution rather than deterrence and reform.

3. Criminology has two main objectives: to determine the causes, whether personal or social, of criminal behavior and to evolve valid principles for the social control of crime.

4. Criminologists commonly use several research techniques. The collection and interpretation of statistics is generally the initial step in research.

5. Criminology has many different applications. It can help lawyers, judges, and prison officials understand criminals better, which may lead to more effective treatment.

Объяснение:

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Ответ:
alena667
alena667
18.12.2020
1 If Peter comes to my place, we will go to play in the yard.
2 If Peter doesn't come to my place, I will watch TV.
3 If Frank's parents have their holidays in summer, they will stay at home.
4 If the frog thickens Harold will put up the tent for the night.
5 When I finish my work, a I will go to the cinema.
6 We will buy this book as soon as our mother gives us some money.
7 When we come to your place you will show your presents.
8 I will return your ring when you ask me.
9 I will wait for my friend until he comes from the shop.
10 My father will start writing before the sun rises.
11 As soon as you finish your study I will present you with a new flat.
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Ответ:
Nowadays travelling is a popular activity among people. It is very interesting to see new places, another towns and countries. People like travelling and they travel a lot. They can travel for pleasure or on business.

There are different methods of travelling. You can travel by plane, by ship, by train or by car. Some people travel on foot.  You can go along little lanes where the fast car can’t go. You can wander through meadows, pass quite lakes and wonderful woods. Also you can see wild animals and flowers in the forest. You can feel the beauty of nature.  But I think, it’s not a very comfortable way of traveling, because you can get tired very quickly.

I’m very fond of travelling and I prefer to travel by train. I think it’s very pleasant. Especially if you have a comfortable seat in a railway carriage you can have a splendid view of the countryside. If the journey is long, you can sleep and have a good rest. Moreover, I consider, big railway stations are quite excited places. There are crowds of people, the porters pull the luggage along the platforms, and hungry passengers hurry to the refreshment rooms.

Some people prefer to travel by plane. I can say it is, of course, comfortable and convenient method of travelling. And it is much quicker than any other method, but, I think, it’s more dangerous. Moreover nowadays there are a lot of accidents and plane wrecks.

For a change you can travel by ship. During such voyage you can enjoy the sea or the ocean. It’s very exciting to watch the rise and fall of waves, to feel the fresh wind and hear the cry of the seagulls. But everything will be pleasant on board if you are not sea-sick.

Tours by car are also very popular. The main advantage of this method is that you are quite independent. You don’t have to watch a timetable or buy any tickets. You can stop at any place you like and see sights at a short time. And you can drive in any direction.

I think that if you go abroad you should know foreign languages, because they can help you to communicate with people in a foreign country, and you willfeel more confortebl

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