При переводе прямой речи в косвенную, временные формы глаголов сдвигаются на шаг в кроме следующих случаев:
1. Слова автора в настоящем или будущем времени: He will say that he has been there before.
2. Действие в Past Perfect (Continuous) или Future-in-the-Past: He said that he felt happy after he had done it.
3. Обстоятельства времени не изменились: He said that he bought it yesterday.
4. Выражение всегда верно: The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
5. Выражение верно длительный период времени: He said that he loves you.
6. Сообщение повторяется сразу: He said that the food is delicious.
7. Условные предложения 2 типа: He said that if he were you, he wouldn’t do it.
8. Желаемые события: She said she wished she were younger.
9. Глаголы should, ought to: She was said that he ought to quit smoking.
10. Must, если это совет, предположение или приказ: He guessed that they must be at home.
Временные формы могут не изменяться в случае:
1. Когда непосредственно указано время действия: They said that they began/had begun studying English in 2010.
2. Когда косвенно указано время действия: She said that she met/had met him when they were neighbours.
3. Когда излагающий согласен с мнением цитируемого: He said that India is a rich country.
(при несогласии: He said that India was a rich country).
При сдвиге временной формы глагола в в косвенной речи, по ситуации, изменяются обстоятельства места и времени, местоимения, а также, происходит отстранение от эмоций:
this – that, these – those, here – there, now - then (at that moment, at once, immediately), come – go, today – (on) that day, yesterday – the day before(earlier), tomorrow - (on) the next (following) day, last week – the week before, ago - before(earlier), next week – the next (following) week, now that – since, so – very, yes/no – answered in the positive/negative, he - that man, we - they.
Если из прямой речи лицо не известно, используется местоимение they, а в словах автора wanted to know:
He said: “Come here”. – He told them to come up to him.
He said: “Where are you going?” – He wanted to know/wondered where they we going.
Кроме слова said используются глаголы, выражающие характер прямой речи:
Для передачи общих вопросов используется if или whether.
Вопросительные предложения передаются с прямым порядком слов: He asked me if/whether they were at home.
В вопросительном предложении с глаголом-связкой порядок слов может быть обратным: He asked me what was the price.
I have got a cat. Her name is Matilda. She is quite old for a cat. She is eleven years old. Matilda is very fluffy. Her back is black and her belly and chest are white. She also has a black muzzle with long white whiskers. Her legs and paws are white. Matilda has big eyes. Her eyes are light green, but they become yellow in bright sunlight. She has got big black ears and a small pink noseAs any other cat Matilda loves sleeping, eating and playing. Her favourite places are an armchair in the living room and a windowsill in my parents’ bedroom. Matilda also likes lying on my desk and especially on the computer keyboard!
Her favourite food is meat and boiled fish. She also likes sour cream, soft cheese and ham. Sometimes we buy cat food and cat grass for her. She has a lot of cat toys to play with. She enjoys hunting flies, spiders and sunbeams.
My mother found Matilda in our street and brought her home. The cat became a real friend for me. We grew up together. When I was a little child, we used to play hide-and-seek and catch-up.
She often sits on my lap and purrs. She is always near me when I am sad or ill. I love my cat.
And in conclusion I would like to say that Alexander Mikhailovich is very positive, sociable, kind and fair person."