Are You Happy with the Way You Are Taught English?
Interviewer: Anna, You have been learning English for almost five years and you
are planning to become an interpreter. What do you feel about learning grammar?
Do you think your teacher spends too much or too little time on it?
Anna: Of course, you must learn the grammar in any language. After all, you can’t
build a house without foundations. But that’s all we do at school –grammar,
grammar, and more grammar. We have too many drills.
Int.: So grammar is important, but not too much of it. But should it be taught in
isolation?
Anna: No. You need to practice grammar with vocabulary. It’s not good when you
learn new words but don’t have much practice using them with the grammar you
have learnt.
Int.: With vocabulary- is it better to learn a few words at a time and practice them,
rather than a lot of words by heart.
Anna: Practice helps you to memorize the words. Also I remember words better if
they are related to my interests. I have no problem learning words connected with
my hobby, which is animals and wildlife.
Int.: How about pronunciation? A lot of students find that hard.
Anna: English intonation is awful! I mean, I think it’s the most difficult part of
pronunciation, because if you get it wrong, people think you are rude. Intonation is
far more difficult than learning to pronounce words correctly.
Int.: What advice would you give to people who are just beginning to learn English?
Anna: I find reading very helpful- I read books, newspapers, magazines and other
periodicals. I try to guess meaning of words I don’t know from their context. But I
also look up words in the dictionary and make a note of the most useful ones.
Int.: How about listening to pop music?
Anna: Yes, that can be useful. Listening to the radio, watching videos and
educational TV programmes in English help me, too, especially listening to the news.
Int.: As I can see, learning a language isn’t simple as all that. You can learn rules for
grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary, but the most difficult feature of any
language is learning the elements for which there are no written rules- for example
“social English”. This means learning about expected ways of behavior, knowing
what sort of English to use in different situations, formal or informal and how to
understand what is said, all that is so easy and natural on your mother tongue
Рассчитываем параметры рыночного равновесия до введения налога. Для этого приравниваем функции спроса и предложения:
Qd=Qs,
10-2*P=-2+P,
3*P=12,
P=12 руб.
Равновесное количество товара:
Qd=10-2*4=2 ед.,
Qs=-2+4=2 ед.
Предположим, что введенный налог на каждую единицу продукции составил Т=3 руб. В результате введения налога произойдет сдвиг линии предложения вверх на величину Т=3 руб., ибо для получения той же суммы выручки продавец будет согласен продать единицу продукции за цену, которая выше прежней на величину Т=3 руб. Однако в такой ситуации и покупатели отреагируют на повышение цен снижением спроса. Таким образом, на рынке устанавливается новое равновесие, при котором объем продаж сократится, а цена для покупателей повысится.
Определяем новую равновесную цену:
10-2*З=-2+(P-3),
3*P=15,
P=5 руб.
Новое равновесное количество товара составит:
Qd=10-2*5=0 ед.,
Qs=-2+5-3=0 ед.
Таким образом, при ведении налога продажа данной продукции прекратится, поскольку продавцам будет невыгодно продавать, а покупателям – покупать, что показано на графике:
Равновесие на рынке
Платиться налог в данном случае не будет, поскольку не будет осуществляться реализация данной продукции. Поэтому налоговое бремя между продавцами и покупателями распределяться не будет.
