Нужен реферат/сочинение/информация на (без переводчика) о природных катаклизмах(землетрясение,,тайфун,цунами,извержение вулкана,торнадо,наводнение,засуха).загрязнение воды и потепление не надо!
Цунами A tsunami is a series of ocean waves that sends surges of water, sometimes reaching heights of over 100 feet (30.5 meters), onto land. These walls of water can cause widespread destruction when they crash ashore.These awe-inspiring waves are typically caused by large, undersea earthquakes at tectonic plate boundaries. When the ocean floor at a plate boundary rises or falls suddenly it displaces the water above it and launches the rolling waves that will become a tsunami.Most tsunamis, about 80 percent, happen within the Pacific Ocean’s “Ring of Fire,” a geologically active area where tectonic shifts make volcanoes and earthquakes common.Tsunamis may also be caused by underwater landslides or volcanic eruptions. They may even be launched, as they frequently were in Earth’s ancient past, by the impact of a large meteorite plunging into an ocean.Tsunamis race across the sea at up to 500 miles (805 kilometers) an hour — about as fast as a jet airplane. At that pace they can cross the entire expanse of the Pacific Ocean in less than a day.And their long wavelengths mean they lose very little energy along the way.In deep ocean, tsunami waves may appear only a foot or so high. But as they approach shoreline and enter shallower water they slow down and begin to grow in energy and height. The tops of the waves move faster than their bottoms do, which causes them to rise precipitously.A tsunami’s trough, the low point beneath the wave’s crest, often reaches shore first. When it does, it produces a vacuum effect that sucks coastal water seaward and exposes harbor and sea floors. This retreating of sea water is an important warning sign of a tsunami, because the wave’s crest and its enormous volume of water typically hit shore five minutes or so later. Recognizing this phenomenon can save lives.A tsunami is usually composed of a series of waves, called a wave train, so its destructive force may be compounded as successive waves reach shore. People experiencing a tsunami should remember that the danger may not have passed with the first wave and should await official word that it is safe to return to vulnerable locations.Some tsunamis do not appear on shore as massive breaking waves but instead resemble a quickly surging tide that inundates coastal areas.The best defense against any tsunami is early warning that allows people to seek higher ground.The Pacific Tsunami Warning System, a coalition of 26 nations headquartered in Hawaii, maintains a web of seismic equipment and water level gauges to identify tsunamis at sea. Similar systems are proposed to protect coastal areas worldwide.
Has had и have had - это Present Perfect (настоящее совершенное) Употребляется, когда речь идет о действии, которое завершено в настоящем времени (на момент повествования) и имеет какой-либо результат. Слова: ever, never, just, already (в знач. "уже" только в утвердительных предложениях), yet (в знач. "уже" в отриц. и вопрос. предл.) Пример с "уже" для наглядности: I have already done my homework. Я уже сделала домашнюю работу. I haven't done my homework yet. Я еще не сделала домашнюю работу. Have you done your homework yet? Ты уже сделала домашнюю работу? Had had - это совершенное) Употребляется, когда речь идет о действии, которое завершилось до определенного времени в I had done my homework before I went for a walk. Перед тем, как пойти гулять, я сделала домашнюю работу. Действие, которое совершено раньше, будет в Past Perfect.
Present Perfect (has had, have had) В Present Perfect действие происходит в а результат виден в настоящем. Примеры: I have written - Я написал (в данном случае мы написали давно, но эта запись никуда не исчезла, он есть в тетради, поэтому здесь есть взаимосвязь с настоящим) She has had a car - У нее была машина (здесь нужно понять смысл, что у нее была машина и есть до сих пор) В чем разница has и have? Когда ставить has и have? Has ставиться с местоимениями (it, he she) в остальных случаях будет Have Чаще всего данное время можно определить по вс словам: already, just, yet, since т.е. когда в русском языке предложение идет с этими словами, то предложение необходимо переводить в Present Perfect. Past Perfect (had had) В Past Perfect происходит действие, завершённое к какому-то определённому моменту в I had written this letter by seven o’clock last night. - я написал это письмо ночью в 7 часов. (Здесь действие произошло вчера в определенный момент времени) She had had this copybook at 6 o'clock last evening. - У нее была эта тетрадь в 6 часов вечер. В данном времени вс слова - слова которые указывают на определенный момент в
A tsunami is a series of ocean waves that sends surges of water, sometimes reaching heights of over 100 feet (30.5 meters), onto land. These walls of water can cause widespread destruction when they crash ashore.These awe-inspiring waves are typically caused by large, undersea earthquakes at tectonic plate boundaries. When the ocean floor at a plate boundary rises or falls suddenly it displaces the water above it and launches the rolling waves that will become a tsunami.Most tsunamis, about 80 percent, happen within the Pacific Ocean’s “Ring of Fire,” a geologically active area where tectonic shifts make volcanoes and earthquakes common.Tsunamis may also be caused by underwater landslides or volcanic eruptions. They may even be launched, as they frequently were in Earth’s ancient past, by the impact of a large meteorite plunging into an ocean.Tsunamis race across the sea at up to 500 miles (805 kilometers) an hour — about as fast as a jet airplane. At that pace they can cross the entire expanse of the Pacific Ocean in less than a day.And their long wavelengths mean they lose very little energy along the way.In deep ocean, tsunami waves may appear only a foot or so high. But as they approach shoreline and enter shallower water they slow down and begin to grow in energy and height. The tops of the waves move faster than their bottoms do, which causes them to rise precipitously.A tsunami’s trough, the low point beneath the wave’s crest, often reaches shore first. When it does, it produces a vacuum effect that sucks coastal water seaward and exposes harbor and sea floors. This retreating of sea water is an important warning sign of a tsunami, because the wave’s crest and its enormous volume of water typically hit shore five minutes or so later. Recognizing this phenomenon can save lives.A tsunami is usually composed of a series of waves, called a wave train, so its destructive force may be compounded as successive waves reach shore. People experiencing a tsunami should remember that the danger may not have passed with the first wave and should await official word that it is safe to return to vulnerable locations.Some tsunamis do not appear on shore as massive breaking waves but instead resemble a quickly surging tide that inundates coastal areas.The best defense against any tsunami is early warning that allows people to seek higher ground.The Pacific Tsunami Warning System, a coalition of 26 nations headquartered in Hawaii, maintains a web of seismic equipment and water level gauges to identify tsunamis at sea. Similar systems are proposed to protect coastal areas worldwide.