Penicillin is a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi, including penicillin G (IV use), penicillin V (oral use), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use).Penicillin antibiotics were among the first drugs to be effective against many previously serious diseases, such as syphilis and infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria have now become resistant. All penicillins are β-lactam antibiotics and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
1. Undoubtedly, we are faced with both opportunities and serious challenges. - в этом предложении глагол to be (are) является глаголом-связкой, так как связывает подлежащее (we) с определением (faced with both opportunities and serious challenges).
2. He did an internship there years ago when he was at the University of Miami Law School. - в этом предложении глагол to be (was) является глаголом-связкой, так как связывает подлежащее (he) с определением (at the University of Miami Law School).
3. The task is to create the institutions that make that global society work. - в этом предложении глагол to be (is) является глаголом-связкой, так как связывает подлежащее (The task) с дополнением (to create the institutions that make that global society work).
4. I became his pupil, and he was to be my counselor and guardian. - в этом предложении глагол to be (was) является глаголом-связкой, так как связывает подлежащее (he) с дополнением (my counselor and guardian).
5. When he came, I was writing a letter. - в этом предложении глагол to be (was) является глаголом-связкой, так как связывает подлежащее (I) с состоянием (writing a letter).
6. We are to do our job properly. - в этом предложении глагол to be (are) является модальным глаголом. Он выражает долженствование или обязательство.
2) Глагол to have в предложениях:
1. His insurance policy was expiring when he was 55, so he had to do it before his birthday. - в этом предложении глагол to have (had) является глаголом-связкой, так как связывает подлежащее (he) с необходимостью совершить действие (to do it before his birthday).
2. Swensen has written two books about investing, one for professionals and one for the general public. - в этом предложении глагол to have (has) является глаголом-связкой, так как связывает подлежащее (Swensen) с действием (written two books about investing).
3. You don't have to buy anything, since we have everything we need. - в этом предложении глагол to have (have) является модальным глаголом. Он выражает отсутствие необходимости или обязательства.
4. The Government has taken a sound interest in the technical support service programme. - в этом предложении глагол to have (has) является глаголом-связкой, так как связывает подлежащее (The Government) с действием (taken a sound interest).
5. Maybe they had some business dealings? - в этом предложении глагол to have (had) является глаголом-связкой, так как связывает подлежащее (they) с состоянием (some business dealings).
6. Various activities had been undertaken in the field of human rights education. - в этом предложении глагол to have (had) является глаголом-связкой, так как связывает подлежащее (Various activities) с дополнением (undertaken in the field of human rights education).
1. The coach said to them that it was time they began training for their next match.
Explanation: In indirect speech, we use the reporting verb "said" followed by the object pronoun "to them." The verb "said" is changed to the past tense. The pronoun "it" is used to refer to the time.
2. He told me that if I left home at six, I should be there by nine.
Explanation: In indirect speech, we use the reporting verb "told" followed by the object pronoun "me." The verb "said" is changed to the past tense. The pronoun "I" is changed to "me." The conditional sentence structure remains the same.
3. The captain said that if it rained that afternoon, it would be too wet to play the match tomorrow.
Explanation: In indirect speech, we use the reporting verb "said" followed by the object pronoun "that." The verb "said" is changed to the past tense. The pronoun "it" is used to refer to the rain. The verb "rains" is changed to "rained" as it is past tense. The verb "will" is changed to "would" to indicate future in the past.
4. She told her guest that she had meant to plug in the electric blanket but she had plugged in the electric kettle by mistake. She added that she was always doing silly things like that.
Explanation: In indirect speech, we use the reporting verb "told" followed by the object pronoun "her guest." The verb "said" is changed to the past tense. The past perfect tense (had + past participle) is used to indicate past actions before the reported speech. The pronoun "I" is changed to "she."
5. He said that he had been intending to do it the next day, but now he didn't think he would be able to.
Explanation: In indirect speech, we use the reporting verb "said" followed by the object pronoun "that." The verb "said" is changed to the past tense. The past perfect continuous tense (had been + present participle) is used to indicate an action that started in the past and continued up to a specific point in the past.
6. The headmaster said to Mrs. Smith that Bill should do very well at the university as he was doing very well there.
Explanation: In indirect speech, we use the reporting verb "said" followed by the object pronoun "to Mrs. Smith." The verb "said" is changed to the past tense. The verb "should" remains the same as it is used to indicate an obligation or expectation. The pronoun "he" is changed to "Bill."
7. The husband said to his young wife that he didn't think her father liked him. He reassured her by saying that she mustn't think that, it was just that he was old and found it hard to get used to new people.
Explanation: In indirect speech, we use the reporting verb "said" followed by the object pronoun "to his young wife." The verb "said" is changed to the past tense. The pronoun "I" is changed to "he" for the husband and "you" is changed to "she" for the young wife. The verb "likes" is changed to "liked" to indicate past tense. The pronoun "he" is changed to "her father." The pronoun "it" is used to refer to the fact that her father didn't like him.
8. The husband said that the steak was overdone again. He clarified that he wasn't complaining, he was just pointing it out. The wife responded by saying that she wished he'd stop pointing things out.
Explanation: In indirect speech, we use the reporting verb "said" followed by the object pronoun "that." The verb "said" is changed to the past tense. The pronoun "I" is changed to "he" for the husband and "you" is changed to "she" for the wife. The verb "is" is changed to "was" to indicate past tense.
9. The clerk said that it would take a little time to look up her file. Ann asked if it was worth waiting or if she should go away and come back later.
Explanation: In indirect speech, we use the reporting verb "said" followed by the object pronoun "that." The verb "said" is changed to the past tense. The pronoun "I" is changed to "she" for Ann. The pronoun "it" is used to refer to the time. The verb "is" is changed to "was" to indicate past tense.
10. The driver asked me if I would mind getting out of the car as he had to change a wheel. I asked if I should help him.
Explanation: In indirect speech, we use the reporting verb "asked" followed by the object pronoun "me." The verb "said" is changed to the past tense. The pronoun "you" is changed to "I" for the driver and "I" is changed to "me" for the narrator. The verb "have to" is changed to "had to" to indicate past tense. The pronoun "you" is changed to "him" for the driver.
