In my country, there is always a trend towards the development of fashion, this is reflected mainly in adolescents who wear a wide variety of clothes. Many teenagers are influenced by American television, and they are trying to look like their American idols of the star world. Many boys like to wear big baggy trousers, Nike or Adidas and baseball caps. The girls themselves follow the latest fashion, starting from the directions that they see in magazines.
Others are inspired by rock bands and wear the same clothes as their favorite performers.
Some teens want to stand out from the crowd and many people think that they dress strangely and stupidly, but teens just want to express their independence and personality. There are teenagers who do not tend to follow the latest fashion, but they also dress comfortably and tastefully. In our country, a lot of clothes available for any person. Even if you don’t have much money, you can dress fashionably.
In Russia, there are shops with designer clothes that only rich people can afford to buy, and there are also shops aimed at the middle class. Also in Russia there are such points of sale of clothes as second-hand. I think most people can afford to buy new clothes once a month.
1. He has little money. He can't buy a piano. - In this sentence, "little" is used to describe the amount of money the person has, which is not enough to buy a piano.
2. He has a little money. He is going to buy a guitar. - In this sentence, "a little" is used to describe a small amount of money that the person has, but it is enough to buy a guitar.
3. I have got a few apples. I think I shall be able to buy a banana. - In this sentence, "a few" is used to describe a small number of apples that the person has, but it may be enough to buy a banana.
4. I have got few rubles in my collection. Sorry, I can't give you any. - In this sentence, "few" is used to describe the small number of rubles the person has in their collection, which is not enough to give any to someone else.
5. I'll come back in a few days. Few people have snowdrops in their garden. - In this sentence, "a few" is used to describe a small number of days until the person comes back. Additionally, "few" is used to describe the small number of people who have snowdrops in their garden.
6. There is little snow in our garden this winter, I am afraid it is bad for the flowers. - In this sentence, "little" is used to describe the small amount of snow in the person's garden, and the person is concerned that it may be detrimental to the flowers.
7. We have to do the shopping in town because there are few shops in our village. - In this sentence, "few" is used to describe the small number of shops in the person's village, which requires them to do their shopping in town.
The word «muscle», according to one theory, comes from a word that means «little mouse»: that is when a man's muscles are contracting they look as if a little mouse runs about under his skin. According to another theory the word «muscle» comes from a Greek expression that means «to enclose», that is layers of muscles enclose the body.
Слово "мышца" согласно одной теории происходит от слова, которое означает "маленькая мышь": когда мышцы человека сжимаются, они выглядят, как если бы маленькая мышь бегала под его кожей. Согласно другой теории, слово «мышца» происходит из греческого выражения, которое означает «окружать», то есть слои мышц окружают тело.
We know that the muscles constitute about 50 per cent of total body weight, slightly more in the average male than the female. Tendons, fasciae and the various organs themselves depend on the muscular system and the function of muscle cells.
Мы знаем, что мышцы составляют около 50 процентов от общей массы тела, в среднем немного больше у мужчин, чем у женщин. Сухожилия, фасции и сами органы зависят от мышечной системы и функций мышечных клеток.
There are three main types of muscular tissue that we identify classify on the basis of structure and functions: 1) smooth or visceral muscle, 2) striated or skeletal muscle, 3) cardiac muscle.
Существует три основных типа мышечной ткани, которые мы классифицируем на основе структуры и функций: 1) гладкая или внутренняя мышца, 2) поперечнополосатая или скелетная мышца, 3) сердечная мышца.
Smooth muscles can contract slowly. They make up the walls of internal organs such as those of the blood vessels, and the digestive tract. Since we identify the internal organs as viscera, we sometimes call smooth muscles visceral muscles. The visceral muscles react relatively slowly to changes within the body and do so without the intervention of the will. The walls of the blood vessels are contracting or expanding when they respond to certain chemicals in the blood or in response to the effect of temperature but we cannot deliberately cause them to lift our arm or open our mouth. For this reason, we may call them involuntary muscles. Smooth muscle tissue consists of long cells. Smooth muscle fibres are bound (связаны) into bundles by connective tissue which contain blood vessels and nerves.
Гладкие мышцы могут медленно сокращаться. Они составляют стенки внутренних органов, таких как кровеносные сосуды и пищеварительный тракт. Поскольку мы идентифицируем внутренние органы как внутренности, мы иногда называем гладкие мышцы внутренними мышцами. Внутренние мышцы реагируют относительно медленно на изменения внутри тела и делают это без вмешательства воли. Стенки кровеносных сосудов сокращаются или расширяются, когда они реагируют на определенные химические вещества в крови или в ответ на воздействие температуры, но мы не можем преднамеренно заставить их поднять нашу руку или открыть наш рот. По этой причине мы можем называть их непроизвольными мышцами. Гладкая мышечная ткань состоит из длинных клеток. Гладкие мышечные волокна соединены в пучки соединительной тканью, которая содержит сосуды и нервы.
Striated muscle tissue consists of large fibres in the form of bundles. Striated muscles are most necessary for manipulation of the bones of the skeleton. Those are the muscles necessary for walking, running, turning the head and so on. That's why we sometimes call them skeletal muscles. This type of muscle tissue includes the large muscle masses of the body, the muscles of the arms, legs, back, etc. It includes all those muscles which must react quickly to changes in the environment, i.e. those that become active through an effort of will. For this reason, we call striated muscles voluntary muscles.
Поперечнополосатая мышечная ткань состоит из больших волокон в форме связок. Поперечнополосатые мышцы наиболее необходимы для манипуляции с костями скелета. Это мышцы, необходимые для ходьбы, бега, поворота головы и т. д. Поэтому мы иногда называем их скелетными мышцами. Этот тип мышечной ткани включает большие мышечные массы тела, мышцы рук, ног, спины и т. д. В этот тип также включаются все те мышцы, которые должны быстро реагировать на изменения в окружающей среде, т. е. активизируются через усилие воли. По этой причине мы называем поперечнополосатые мышцы добровольными мышцами.
Cardiac (heart) muscle is, in a sense, a cross between the previous two. A characteristic feature of cardiac muscle is that fibres have neither a beginning nor an end. In other words, the heart is simply a huge net of muscles in which all elements are continuous with each other. Cardiac muscles («heart» — Greek) have the strength and force of contraction of the skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle is under complete involuntary control. In that, it resembles visceral muscle.
Сердечная (сердечная) мышца в некотором смысле является перекрестным между двумя предыдущими. Характерной особенностью сердечной мышцы является то, что волокна не имеют ни начала, ни конца. Другими словами, сердце - это просто огромная сеть мышц, в которой все элементы непрерывно связаны друг с другом. Сердечные мышцы («сердце» - греческий) обладают силой и сократительной силой скелетной мышцы. Сердечная мышца полностью находится под непроизвольным контролем. В этом она напоминает внутреннюю мышцу.
Ex.1 Find English equivalents.
Найдите английские эквиваленты.
согласно одной теории - according to one theory
прилегать - enclose
50% от общей массы тела - 50 per cent of total body weight
связки - tendons
сокращаются - contract
без вмешательства воли - without the intervention of the will
длинные клетки - long cells
изменения окружающей среды - changes in the environment
поперечнополосатые мышцы - striated muscles
мышцы сердца - cardiac muscles
добровольный - voluntary
напоминает - resembles
Ex.2 Answer the questions.
Ответьте на вопросы.
1. How many types of muscular tissue are there?
There are three types of muscular tissue: smooth or visceral muscle, striated or skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle.
На сегодняшний день известно три типа мышечной ткани: гладкая или внутренняя мышца, поперечнополосатая или скелетная мышца и сердечная мышца.
2. How do we sometimes call smooth muscles?
We sometimes call smooth muscles visceral muscles.
Мы иногда называем гладкие мышцы внутренними мышцами.
3. Smooth muscles can contract slowly, can’t they?
Yes, smooth muscles can contract slowly.
Да, гладкие мышцы могут сокращаться медленно.
4. What is another name of striated muscles?
Another name for striated muscles is skeletal muscles.
Другое название для поперечнополосатых мышц - скелетные мышцы.
5. Are there any differences between cardiac and skeletal muscles? What are they?
Yes, there are differences between cardiac and skeletal muscles. Cardiac muscles have neither a beginning nor an end, while skeletal muscles do. Additionally, cardiac muscles are under complete involuntary control, whereas skeletal muscles are voluntary.
Да, есть различия между сердечной и скелетной мышцами. У сердечных мышц нет ни начала, ни конца, в то время как у скелетных мышц они есть. Кроме того, сердечные мышцы полностью находятся под непроизвольным контролем, тогда как скелетные мышцы являются добровольными.
6. Has cardiac muscle a beginning or an end?
No, cardiac muscle does not have a beginning or an end.
In my country, there is always a trend towards the development of fashion, this is reflected mainly in adolescents who wear a wide variety of clothes. Many teenagers are influenced by American television, and they are trying to look like their American idols of the star world. Many boys like to wear big baggy trousers, Nike or Adidas and baseball caps. The girls themselves follow the latest fashion, starting from the directions that they see in magazines.
Others are inspired by rock bands and wear the same clothes as their favorite performers.
Some teens want to stand out from the crowd and many people think that they dress strangely and stupidly, but teens just want to express their independence and personality. There are teenagers who do not tend to follow the latest fashion, but they also dress comfortably and tastefully. In our country, a lot of clothes available for any person. Even if you don’t have much money, you can dress fashionably.
In Russia, there are shops with designer clothes that only rich people can afford to buy, and there are also shops aimed at the middle class. Also in Russia there are such points of sale of clothes as second-hand. I think most people can afford to buy new clothes once a month.