Question

5найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующихсловосочетаний: прикладная ; передача и прием информации; поток электронов; трудно представить; научные исследования; промышленное проектирование; вычислять траекторию космических кораблей; обнаруживать явления природы; электронике; отправная точка сигналами; быстрый рост; разнообразие ламп; создание первых компьютеров; полностью заменил; кристалл; уменьшить вес; сократить стоимость; потребление электроэнергии; высокая надежность; твердотельные компоненты; довольно но гораздо ниже; высокоскоростной компьютер; микроволновые системы связи; технология; область науки; интегральная схема; пакетная обработка; сборка дискретных компонентов на кристалле; снизитьпроизводственные затраты; обеспечить высокую скорость.electronics is a field of engineering and applied physics dealing with the design and application of electronic circuits. the operation of circuits depends on the flow of electrons for generation, transmission, reception and storage of information.today it is difficult to imagine our life without electronics. it surrounds us everywhere. electronic devices ajre. widely used in scientific research and industrial designing, they control the work of plants and power stations, calculate the trajectories of space-ships and help the people discover new phenomena of nature. automatization of production processes and studies on living organisms became possible due to electronics. the invention of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20th century was , the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. vacuum tubes assisted in manipulation of signals. the development of a large variety of tubes designed for specialized functions made possible the progress in radio communication technology before the world vfar ii and in the creation of early computers during and shortly after the war.the transistor invented by american scientists wshockly, j.bardeen and wbrattain in 1948 completely replaced the vacuum tube. the transistor, a small piece of a semiconductor with three electrodes, had great advantages over the best vacuum tubes. it provided the same functions as the vacuum tube but at reduced weight, cost, power consumption, and with high reliability. with the invention of the transistor all essential circuit functions could be carried out inside solid bodies. the aim of creating electronic circuits with entirely solid-state components had finally been realized. early transistors could respond at a rate of a few million times a second. this was fast enough to serve in radio circuits, but far below the speed needed for high-speed computers or for microwave communication systems.the progress in semiconductor technology led to the development of the integrated circuit (1с), which was discovered due to the efforts of john kilby in 1958 there appeared a new field of science — integrated electronics. the essence of it is batch processing. instead of making, testing and assembling descrete components on a chip one at a time, large groupings of these components together with their interconnections were made all at a time. 1с greatly reduced the size of devices, lowered manufacturing costs and at the same time they provided high speed and increased reliability.

Answer 1

Прикладная физика - applied physics;

передача и прием информации - transmission and reception of information; поток электронов - the flow of electrons;

трудно представить - it is difficult to imagine;

научные исследования - scientific research;

промышленное проектирование - industrial designing;

вычислять траекторию космических кораблей - calculate the trajectories of space-ships;

обнаруживать явления природы - discover phenomena of nature;

благодаря электронике - due to electronics;

отправная точка - the starting point;

управлению сигналами - assist in manipulation of signals;

быстрый рост - rapid growth;

разнообразие ламп - variety of tubes;

создание первых компьютеров - creation of early computers;

полностью заменил - completely replaced;

полупроводниковый кристалл - a semiconductor (chip);

уменьшить вес - reduce weight;

сократить стоимость - reduce cost;

потребление электроэнергии - power consumption;

высокая надежность - high reliability;

твердотельные компоненты - solid-state components;

довольно быстро... но гораздо ниже - fast enough..., but far below ;

высокоскоростной компьютер - high-speed computer;

микроволновые системы связи - microwave communication systems;

полупроводниковая технология - semiconductor technology;

область науки - a field of science;

интегральная схема - integrated circuit;

пакетная обработка - batch processing;

сборка дискретных компонентов на кристалле - assembling descrete components on a chip;

снизить  производственные затраты - lower manufacturing costs;

обеспечить высокую скорость - provide high speed.