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Большинство водных и наземных олигохет — «мусорщики», питающиеся мертвой органикой, в первую очередь растительного происхождения. Дождевые черви питаются разлагающейся органикой поверхностного слоя почвы и могут затаскивать опавшие листья в норки. Будучи детритофагами, они поглощают органический материал вместе с заглатываемым грунтом. Мелкодисперсный детрит, водоросли и микроорганизмы — важные источники пищи для некрупных пресноводных форм. Часто встречающиеся маленькие олигохеты Aeolosoma собирают детрит с простомиума. В процессе питания червь прижимает вентральную, покрытую ресничками поверхность