12 May 1820 was day Florence Nightingale was born. She was in good British family at the Villa Colombaia in Florence, Tuscany, Italy, and was named after the city of her birth. During the Crimean war she was a volunteer nurse. Her team found that poor care for wounded soldiers by the overworked medical staff, all medicines was in short supply, and there was no equipment to process food for the patients. Nightingale reduced the death rate from 42% to 2%, either by making improvements in hygiene herself, or by calling for the Sanitary Commission. During the Crimean war, Nightingale gained the nickname "The Lady with the Lamp" from a phrase in a report in The Times:
She is a "ministering angel" without any exaggeration in these hospitals, and as her slender form glides quietly along each corridor, every poor fellow's face softens with gratitude at the sight of her. When all the medical officers have retired for the night and silence and darkness have settled down upon those miles of prostrate sick, she may be observed alone, with a little lamp in her hand, making her solitary rounds.
In the Crimea on 29 November 1855, the Nightingale Fund was established for the training of nurses during a public meeting to recognize Nightingale for her work in the war. There was an outpouring of generous donations. Nightingale had £45,000 at her disposal from the Nightingale Fund to set up the Nightingale Training School at St Thomas' Hospital on 9 July 1860.
Объяснение:
на русском :
Рассказ «Аристократка» написан Михаилом Зощенко в 1923 году. Это было послереволюционное время в России. Только кончилась гражданская война, в России царила разруха и голод. Бывшие аристократы, интеллигенты, просто культурные и образованные люди стали немногочисленными и незаметными на фоне всплывшей на поверхность новой социальной прослойки – обывателей. Это люди невоспитанные, необразованные, примитивные, с убогой моралью. Обыватель характерен тем, что живет мелкими личными интересами, но не осознает своей пошлости, хамства и глупости, а наоборот, «как кавалер и у власти» и «лицо официальное» выставляет их напоказ.
В рассказе писатель очень тонко отмечает и обобщает признаки этого времени. Чем же отличались люди этого времени? Что в них было характерно?
Возьмем, например, речь главного героя. Никогда раньше приличный человек не выразился бы так, как выражается Григорий Иванович: «…не люблю баб, которые в шляпках», «…и не баба вовсе, а гладкое место», «стоит этакая фря», «как у вас, гражданка, в смысле порчи водопровода и уборной», «волочусь, что щука», «развернула свою идеологию», «ты, гражданка», ну и знаменитое «Ложи,— говорю,— взад!».
Речь «аристократки» так же убога: «Аж голова закрутилась», «мы привыкшие», «Довольно свинство с вашей стороны. Которые без денег — не ездют с дамами».
Или еще приметы времени: золотой зуб у «дамы», фильдекосовые чулочки, давно умершее слово «комячейка» (кто не знает – это коммунистическая ячейка). А чего стоит дамы «скушать» за один раз четыре пирожных! Это также очень тонко выраженная автором примета времени – скудного и голодного, когда пирожные недоступны и чрезвычайно дороги. Еще и удивительно, что у Григория Ивановича на них хватило денег. Да и не так уж он плох, по крайней мере, не жадный, сам предложил пирожными угоститься.
Вот такой у меня вышел портрет героев новой социальной эпохи: всякий аристократизм им чужд и враждебен.
На англиском :
The story "Aristocrat" was written by Mikhail Zoshchenko in 1923. It was a post-revolutionary time in Russia. The civil war was just over, devastation and famine reigned in Russia. Former aristocrats, intellectuals, simply cultural and educated people have become few and inconspicuous against the background of a new social stratum that has surfaced on the surface - the townsfolk. These are rude people, uneducated, primitive, with poor morality. The layman is characterized by the fact that he lives with petty personal interests, but does not realize his vulgarity, rudeness and stupidity, but rather, “as a gentleman and in power” and “official person” flaunts them.
In the story, the writer very subtly notes and summarizes the signs of this time. What was the difference between the people of this time? What was characteristic of them?
Take, for example, the speech of the protagonist. A decent person would never have expressed himself in the same way as Grigory Ivanovich puts it: “... I don’t like women who are in hats”, “... and not a woman at all, but a smooth place”, “there is such a fry”, “like you, citizen, in the sense of damage to the water supply system and the restroom ”,“ I am dragging myself like a pike ”,“ I have deployed my ideology ”,“ you, citizen ”, and the famous“ Lodges - I say - back! ”
The speech of the “aristocrat” is also miserable: “Already the head has twisted”, “we are used to it,” “Pretty disgusting of you. Which without money - do not go with the ladies. "
Or even the signs of the times: a “lady's” golden tooth, philedecos stockings, the long-dead word “lump” (who does not know, this is a communist cell). And what is the lady’s ability to “eat” four cakes at a time! It is also a very finely expressed by the author of the sign of time - lean and hungry, when the cakes are inaccessible and extremely expensive. It is also surprising that Grigory Ivanovich had enough money for them. Yes, and not so bad, at least not greedy, he himself offered to treat cakes.
This is my portrait of the heroes of the new social era: all aristocracy is alien and hostile to them.