Van Kupala (St. John's day, Midsummer night) - summer folk festival of pagan origin, dedicated to the Christian feast of the Nativity of John the Baptist, celebrated on June 24 (July 7) .
According to N. M. of M. Galkovsky, "in Midsummer festival combines two elements: pagan and Christian"[1].
The holiday is known as the Midsummer among the Eastern Slavs, and in Podlasie and Mazovia (Poland). The night before surpasses himself, Ivan Kupala day in its ritual context. In addition to the Eastern Slavic countries, Midsummer day (English), has an old tradition of celebrating almost all over Europe, in many countries is a national religious prednisoneburstga researchers rituals of the holiday is associated, in the spirit of "mythological school", with the summer solstice. With the spread of Christianity, these rituals are to be attached to the Nativity of John the Baptist.
The date of the Nativity of John the Baptist was calculated on the basis of the Evangelical witness of the 6-month difference in age between John and Christ[2]. The holiday was close to the summer solstice as the birth of Christ was timed for the winter. Thus, under the sign of Christ the sun (and the day length begins to increase, and under the sign of John must decrease (according to the words of John, "He must increase, but I must decrease" (see Jn. 3:30). Church interpreters, such as Augustine[3] or James Valaginsky, used this solar symbolism as an instrument for the transmission of theological doctrines, while in pagan folklore analogy was deeper.
With the name of John the Baptist is due to the national holiday name in different countries. As the Russian Orthodox Church lives according to the Julian calendar, the day of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist falls on July 7, new style, so in Russia, the party lost the match astronomical solstice. Strict compliance is not astronomy, and in the countries of the Gregorian Dating - Midsummer there note 24 Ionian the name of the holiday is unknown. Belarusians, Galician poles and Carpathian Slovaks Midsummer fires were called Sobotka[14] - from Zap.-Slav. sobota "the Sabbath (day of rest)"[15].
The name of Ivan Kupala has a folk-Christian Slavic origin and is a variant of the name John the Baptist[16], because the epithet John - translates from Greek as "kopatel, pile drive" (gr. βαπτιστής)[17]. Is the name of the holiday was due and Slavic views: Preslav. kǫpati meant ritual washing, cleansing, which was carried out in open water[18]. Therefore, on the one hand, this verb was used to translate the epithet "the Baptist", and on the other hand, the name of the holiday was later reinterpreted folk etymology and linked with ritual bathing in the rivers during this holiday.
Some popular science and neopagan publications associate the holiday with pagan deity Kupala. This view is not shared by scientists, because it is doubtful the former existence in Slavic paganism that very deity. First deity "Kupala" mentioned in late Gustynskogo chronicle (XVII century), and is the result of a misunderstanding: the chronicler, knowing about the "devilish games" Ivan Kupala, took the name of the holiday for the name of a pagan God. Subsequently, this mistake was repeated by copyists, and then by the earlier researchers in Slavic mythology, resulting in the Slavic Pantheon has a new "deity"[19]. In fact, bathed the deity has never been and could appear in the popular imagination only as folklore personification of the holiday, reflected, for example, in the songs[20].
.My name is Pasha. I’m 13 years old. I’m in the sixth grade. I have a lot of friends but I want to tell about my best friend. His name is Alexander. He’s my school-mate. Sasha is cheerful, inquisitive and kind. He is very responsive. He will help me in hour of need. I always can rely on him.
Sasha goes to sports school. He is very tall that’s why he goes in for basketball. On weekends we play football or cycle. Sometimes we go fishing and fish crucians. Also he is fond of playing computer games and watching horror films. His favourite films are “Saw” and “Scream”. We often go to the cinema. Sasha is true friend. My father says that I’m lucky because I have so reliable and true friend. I value our friendship. Меня зовут Павел. Мне 13 лет. Я учусь в шестом классе. У меня много друзей, но я хочу рассказать о своём лучшем друге. Его зовут Александр. Он учится со мной в одном классе. Саша весёлый, любознательный и добрый. Он очень отзывчивый. В трудную минуту придёт на Я всегда могу на него положиться.
Саша ходит в спортивную школу. Он очень высокого роста, поэтому занимается баскетболом. В выходные мы любим с ним играть в футбол или кататься на велосипедах. Иногда ходим на рыбалку и ловим там карасей. Ещё он любит играть в компьютерные игры и смотреть фильмы ужасов. Его самые любимые фильмы « Пила» и «Крик». Мы часто ходим с ним в кинотеатр. Саша настоящий друг. Мой папа говорит, что мне повезло, раз у меня есть такой верный и надёжный друг. Я дорожу нашей дружбой.
Violence Among Teenagers Today teenagers are violent more than in the last generation. In the last few years the violence spread all over the country. In these days there are some external features that we can recognize violent people. Teachers, parents and teenagers report that violence increases every day.
Alcohol today is more than just a problem among adults, but it has become a problem among teens. During the past ten years we had witnessed a steady decline in the number of alcohol-related motor vehicle deaths in the youth population, but there is a rise also in alcohol consumption overall. Alcohol is a main reason for violence whether it is growing up with alcohol users and abusers or the youth using the alcohol substance themselves. High school students who drink alcohol or use illegal drugs, including anabolic steroids, are more than twice as likely to carry a weapon or get into a physical fight than teenagers who deny drug use, according to a study in the August issue of the AMA's Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. The situation is dangerous. We must fight with this problem and involve teenagers into sport and other useful activities
According to N. M. of M. Galkovsky, "in Midsummer festival combines two elements: pagan and Christian"[1].
The holiday is known as the Midsummer among the Eastern Slavs, and in Podlasie and Mazovia (Poland). The night before surpasses himself, Ivan Kupala day in its ritual context. In addition to the Eastern Slavic countries, Midsummer day (English), has an old tradition of celebrating almost all over Europe, in many countries is a national religious prednisoneburstga researchers rituals of the holiday is associated, in the spirit of "mythological school", with the summer solstice. With the spread of Christianity, these rituals are to be attached to the Nativity of John the Baptist.
The date of the Nativity of John the Baptist was calculated on the basis of the Evangelical witness of the 6-month difference in age between John and Christ[2]. The holiday was close to the summer solstice as the birth of Christ was timed for the winter. Thus, under the sign of Christ the sun (and the day length begins to increase, and under the sign of John must decrease (according to the words of John, "He must increase, but I must decrease" (see Jn. 3:30). Church interpreters, such as Augustine[3] or James Valaginsky, used this solar symbolism as an instrument for the transmission of theological doctrines, while in pagan folklore analogy was deeper.
With the name of John the Baptist is due to the national holiday name in different countries. As the Russian Orthodox Church lives according to the Julian calendar, the day of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist falls on July 7, new style, so in Russia, the party lost the match astronomical solstice. Strict compliance is not astronomy, and in the countries of the Gregorian Dating - Midsummer there note 24 Ionian the name of the holiday is unknown. Belarusians, Galician poles and Carpathian Slovaks Midsummer fires were called Sobotka[14] - from Zap.-Slav. sobota "the Sabbath (day of rest)"[15].
The name of Ivan Kupala has a folk-Christian Slavic origin and is a variant of the name John the Baptist[16], because the epithet John - translates from Greek as "kopatel, pile drive" (gr. βαπτιστής)[17]. Is the name of the holiday was due and Slavic views: Preslav. kǫpati meant ritual washing, cleansing, which was carried out in open water[18]. Therefore, on the one hand, this verb was used to translate the epithet "the Baptist", and on the other hand, the name of the holiday was later reinterpreted folk etymology and linked with ritual bathing in the rivers during this holiday.
Some popular science and neopagan publications associate the holiday with pagan deity Kupala. This view is not shared by scientists, because it is doubtful the former existence in Slavic paganism that very deity. First deity "Kupala" mentioned in late Gustynskogo chronicle (XVII century), and is the result of a misunderstanding: the chronicler, knowing about the "devilish games" Ivan Kupala, took the name of the holiday for the name of a pagan God. Subsequently, this mistake was repeated by copyists, and then by the earlier researchers in Slavic mythology, resulting in the Slavic Pantheon has a new "deity"[19]. In fact, bathed the deity has never been and could appear in the popular imagination only as folklore personification of the holiday, reflected, for example, in the songs[20].