Зона арктических пустынь. В этой зоне лежат Земля Франца-Иосифа, Новая Земля, Северная Земля, Новосибирские острова. Для зоны характерно огромное количество льда и снега во все сезоны года. Они являются главным элементом ландшафта.
Березовые леса (рощи) широко распространены в лесной и лесостепной зонах нашей страны и являются в большинстве случаев вторичными, возникшими в результате лесных пожаров или вырубок. В березовых рощах могут совместно произрастать несколько видов берез. Леса из березы бородавчатой, или повислой, приурочены к более сухим местообитаниям, а из березы пушистой к более увлажненным. В лесной зоне березовые леса вследствии поселения под пологом коренных древесных пород (например, ели, сосны) постепенно переходят в березово – еловые или березово – сосновые и далее в коренные типы леса. Иногда долгое время длятся такая фаза, в которой главные компоненты (береза + ель) входят в состав древесных ярусов в равных соотношениях. Такой лес называют смешанным.
Systematics Russian name – the Crocodile or the spectacled CaimanLatin name-Caiman crocodilusEnglish name – Spectacled caimanClass-Reptiles or Reptiles (Reptilia)Squad-Crocodiles (Crocodylia)The Family Of The Alligators (Alligatoridae)Rod – Spectacled Cayman (Caiman)Stands out 3-4 subspecies, differing in color, size and shape of the skull. Conservation status By international status it belongs to the category of species whose existence in nature causes the least concern. However, the species is Included in Annex II of CITES, i.e. the crocodile Cayman trade must be controlled. The number of different subspecies varies from country to country. Crocodile Caiman is protected in Ecuador, Mexico and Venezuela, hunting for it is limited in Colombia and Panama. View and person Like most crocodiles, the crocodile Caiman is extracted for the famous "crocodile skin". However, because of the abdominal scutes (osteoderms) for the manufacture of good leather only on the sides of the animal, and saved Caiman crocodile from extinction. Intensive hunting for these caimans began after the 1950s, when other species of crocodiles were almost destroyed. Now crocodile Cayman successfully bred on farms. Currently, the natural population of crocodile Cayman is quite stable due to the high adaptability of the species, extermination of other crocodiles (enemies and competitors) and increase the area of artificial reservoirs. Distribution and habitats The area of the crocodile Caiman is much wider than that of all other members of the alligator family. It is Central and South America from Mexico to Brazil and Peru. There are introduced (imported) populations of crocodile Cayman in Cuba and the United States (Florida).This Caiman prefers quiet lakes, marshes, the banks of the tributaries of large rivers with slow flow. Does not avoid salty waters, which gave him the opportunity to settle on the Islands of the Caribbean, including the Islands of Trinidad and Tobago. Appearance Crocodile Caiman-medium-sized alligator, with a fairly long narrowed muzzle and large teeth (they can be from 72 to 78 ). Length males are 1.8-2 m, females to 1.2-1.4 m. Maximum recorded size is 2.2 m. the body Weight of adult individuals varies from 7 to 40 kg. Skull similar in appearance to the skull of these crocodiles, what Cayman got its name. Bone protuberances on the head between the eyes and around them remind glasses that gave the second name of this Caiman. Almost all skin on a body of the crocodile Caiman is covered with dense rows of large boards. This "armor" protects the caimans and from predators and from man. Because this leather is very difficult to fabricate, crocodile caimans destroyed less than other crocodiles.Young spectacled Caiman are yellow with black spots and stripes all over the body, adult – olive green. They are able to slightly change color with the help of special cells in the skin, for example, in cold weather, the Cayman become darker.
Зона арктических пустынь. В этой зоне лежат Земля Франца-Иосифа, Новая Земля, Северная Земля, Новосибирские острова. Для зоны характерно огромное количество льда и снега во все сезоны года. Они являются главным элементом ландшафта.